New Hampshire and Vermont. D. the endorsement of the mass media. Kennedys inaugural address had signaled a foreign policy driven by attempts to satisfy hopes for peace. A. Interactions among branches of government. He knew that if he responded ineffectually, domestic opponents would attack him for setting back the nations security, and allies abroad would doubt his resolve to meet Soviet threats to their safety. E. poor circumstance related to the economy. Fifty Januaries ago, under a pallid sun and amid bitter winds, John F. Kennedy swore the oath that every president had taken since 1789 and then delivered one of the most memorable . C. A president should be allowed to declare war, because only the executive can react quickly enough. E. 1992, 18. D. George W. Bush And yet, except as it pertains to debates over the original understanding of the Second Amendment and the authority to deploy National Guard units overseas, Congresss constitutional power to provide for the use of the militia during these three types of domestic crises has been overlooked in almost every contemporary assessment of the Presidents inherent war powers, to the point where scholars too numerous to count have accepted without qualification the argument that the President possesses at least some independent authority to use military force in domestic emergenciesassuming that such power derives, most naturally, from the Commander in Chief Clause. C. It requires Congress to consult with the president whenever feasible before passing measures that will restrict president-ordered military action. A. grant all their electoral votes as a unit to the candidate who wins the state's popular vote. D. lack of sufficient executive authority. The president's constitutional roles, such as chief executive and commander in chief, C. office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed. The primary election as a means of choosing presidential nominees E. an increase in the number of presidential candidates per party. Generally, the president's power will increase whenever there is a national crisis, or other need for strong, immediate action from the government. B. Things like responses to natural disasters or wars with other countries often necessitate more power for the presidency for quick action. D. is in office when the economy goes bad, which creates a demand for stronger leadership. 1 B. II D. George W. Bush A president is likely to propose the most new programs He called for cooperation from the nations allies in Europe, for democracy in Africas newly independent nations and for a new alliance for progress with our sister republics south of the border. In addressing the Communist threat, he sought to convey both statesmanship and resolvehis famous line Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate came only after he had warned the Soviets and their recently declared allies in Cuba that this hemisphere intends to remain master of its own house.. E. They were ruled unconstitutional and are no longer used by the executive. 6. There are limits to this ability, as they can't simply come up with an idea off the top of their head and make it a reality. War under any circumstances is unjust, even in self-defense. Further, Congress has a long history of regulating the military, including the articles of war (precursor of the modern Uniform Code of Military Justice) enacted in the immediate post-ratification period. But by the early 1960s, the president had become the undisputed architect of U.S. foreign policy. C. Maine and Nebraska. On this basis, Presidents have claimed authority over a range of military actions, including attacking pirates, rescuing U.S. citizens abroad, and making military deployments, although this authority is presumably circumscribed by other provisions of the Constitution and perhaps, some have argued, by international law. E. mid-term elections. Congress authorized an official impeachment investigation of Congress has formally declared war ________ times in U.S. history. D. A surprise attack on the United States is the only justification for war by presidential action. E. 4. D. The constitutional powers of the vice presidency have been increased by Congress twice during U.S. history. E. must be a Protestant. E. None of these answers is correct. C. George W. Bush did not accept federal matching funds in the primaries. E. He cast aside the Whig theory in favor of the stewardship theory. It was a miscalculation that would cripple his presidency. $39.95. D. have expanded in practice to be more powerful than the writers of the Constitution intended. Nixons decision to normalize relations with the Peoples Republic of China, after an interruption of more than 20 years, was one of his most important foreign policy achievements, and his eight-day visit to Beijing in February 1972 was a television extravaganza. Direct link to Izabela Scallions's post role as a commander, what, Posted 4 days ago. A. work of grass-roots organizers. At the same time, he unilaterally chose not to expand the conflict into Iraq, but even that assertion of power was seen as a bow to Congressional and public opposition to a wider war. But can Congress itself direct how the President exercises that command by requiring or prohibiting certain military actions? D. Lyndon Johnson A. results of the primaries and caucuses; the candidate who places second in these contests is nominated as the running mate of the candidate who finishes first. But because Congress has only specified military powers, military matters not within Congresss military powers necessarily are sole powers of the President as Commander in Chief. B. the presidential image-building through public relations that contributes to the idea that the president is in charge of the national government 31. C. elimination of the unit rule 2 James Madison proposed changing this to declare war principally, he said, to leave the President with power to repel sudden attacks. D. It requires the president to inform Congress within one month of the reason for the military action. . C. results of public opinion polls taken just before the convention begins. This is the president's Home / Uncategorized / a president's power has largely depended on . D. is designed to strengthen the political parties. D. command of the military In the 1950s, Harry S. Trumans response to the Soviet threat included the decision to fight in Korea without a Congressional declaration of war, and Dwight Eisenhower used the Central Intelligence Agency and brinksmanship to contain Communism. 38. Since its invention at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the presidential office has gradually become more powerful, giving its occupants a far-greater chance to exercise leadership at home and abroad. . He initiated a bombing campaign against North Vietnam in March 1965 and then committed 100,000 U.S. combat troops to the war without consulting Congress or mounting a public campaign to ensure national assent. E. manipulating the media, 41. As Justice Stevens wrote for the majority, [w]hether or not the President has independent power, absent congressional authorization, to convene military commissions, he may not disregard limitations that Congress has, in proper exercise of its own war powers, placed on his powers. However, the scope of Hamdan remains unclear, and in 2015 President Obama suggested that a statute completely limiting his ability to transfer detainees from the military prison at Guantnamo might unconstitutionally infringe his Commander in Chief powers. The debate over China's peace proposal also carried over to a special . D. Al Gore received 550,000 more votes nationally than Ralph Nader. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. C. is the office most representative of the people. A. Howard Dean did not accept federal matching funds in the primaries. He told New York Times columnist Arthur Krock that United States troops should not be involved on the Asian mainland.The United States cant interfere in civil disturbances, and it is hard to prove that this wasnt the situation in Vietnam. He told Arthur Schlesinger that sending troops to Vietnam would become an open-ended business: Its like taking a drink. As James Reston wrote in his column for the New York Times, The problems before the Kennedy Administration on Inauguration Day are much more difficult than the nation has yet come to believe.. Perhaps no provision has been more neglected in this discourse than the so-called Calling Forth Clause of Article I, which empowers Congress [t]o provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions. As Justice Jackson explained in his Steel Seizure concurrence. C. White House Office. Direct link to Elizabeth Nichols's post Having a single executive, Posted a year ago. A president's accomplishments have largely depended on But Truman would learn a paradoxical, and in his case bitter, corollary: with greater power, the president also had a greater need to win popular backing for his policies. A. D. IV E. the State of the Union address. D. 200 Presidents have used executive duty to make sure that the laws of war are followed; the President is commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States and Congress has the power to declare war. The structure of our government now witt the use of bureaucracies, cabinet, checks, and balances, and so forth help put more regulation onto the executive so they have to check with other parts of the government to legislate, etc. C. 1968 Another is the appointment power, which offers presidents important formal means Perhaps the lesson to be taken from the presidents since Kennedy is one Arthur Schlesinger suggested almost 40 years ago, writing about Nixon: The effective means of controlling the presidency lay less in law than in politics. 37. Which of the following presidents failed to win an electoral majority, but still won the presidency by decision of the House of Representatives? C. the support of the party's congressional leaders. D. Office of Legislative Affairs This peaceful resolution strengthened both Kennedys and the publics affinity for unilateral executive control of foreign policy. D. None of the three candidates (Dean, Kerry, and Bush) accepted federal matching funds in the primaries. As Alexander Hamilton explained in The Federalist No. E. Daniel Webster and Henry Clay accepted nominations to the vice presidency as stepping stones to the presidency. C. use the caucus instead of the primary for presidential candidate selection. For Kennedy, the Presidency offered the chance to exercise executive power. Which of the following is a reason that the nation did not routinely need a strong president during most of the nineteenth century? Powers expressly granted to the president under Article II of the Constitution. Why do you think the presidents informal powers have grown over time? E. None of these answers is correct. Bill Clinton For the past 50 years, the commander in chief has steadily expanded presidential power, particularly in foreign policy, Fifty Januaries ago, under a pallid sun and amid bitter winds, John F. Kennedy swore the oath that every president had taken since 1789 and then delivered one of the most memorable inaugural addresses in the American canon. C. National Security Council It prohibits the president from sending troops into combat. Nobody can say with confidence exactly what JFK would have done in Southeast Asia if he had lived to hold a second term, and the point remains one of heated debate. C. 55 Coming after his campaign promise to wind down the war, Nixons announcement of what he called an incursion enraged antiwar protesters on college campuses across the United States. To counter perceptions of poor leadership, the White House issued a statement saying, President Kennedy has stated from the beginning that as President he bears sole responsibility. The president himself declared, Im the responsible officer of the Government. In response, the country rallied to his side: two weeks after the debacle, 61 percent of the respondents to an opinion survey said that they backed the presidents handling [of] the situation in Cuba, and his overall approval rating was 83 percent. D. presidential nominee's choice of a running mate. (The choice, and the terminology, were slightly less bellicose than a blockade, or a halt to all Cuba-bound traffic.) During 2006, the year before Democrats took back control of Congress, George W. Bush The unresolved problems attached to these conflicts have once again raised concerns about the wisdom of fighting wars without more definitive support. For the American President ruled by influence; and the withdrawal of consent, by Congress, by the press, by public opinion, could bring any President down. Schlesinger also quoted Theodore Roosevelt, who, as the first modern practitioner of expanded presidential power, was mindful of the dangers it posed for the countrys democratic traditions: I think it [the presidency] should be a very powerful office, TR said, and I think the president should be a very strong man who uses without hesitation every power that the position yields; but because of this fact I believe that he should be closely watched by the people [and] held to a strict accountability by them.. 1960 House of Representatives only. A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials. C. Benjamin Harrison D. 1888 Second, and in contrast to the experience under the Articles of Confederation, it places such civilian superintendence in the hands of a single person. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. Which of the following is NOT true of the 2004 presidential election? C. office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed. B. the support of the party's organizational leaders. C. the U.S. government's small role in world affairs The answer, as it turns out, is a series of Supreme Court decisions that have largely mooted any argument that the Clause imposes substantive limits on the federal government. The Whig theory holds that the presidency Barack Obama does not appear to have fully grasped the Truman lesson on the political risks of unilateral executive action in foreign affairs. Which of the following did the framers want from a president? D. economic policy. Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th president of the United States and was sworn into office following the November 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. For example, multiple Presidents have claimed that the War Powers Resolution, which limits the Presidents ability to deploy troops into hostilities without Congresss approval, is unconstitutional on this ground. B. 46. 49. Direct link to kdonato0005's post How may having a single e, Posted 4 years ago. For example, when George Washingtons forces retreated from New York City in 1776, Washington wanted to burn the city to deny shelter to the British; Congress directed that no damage be done in the retreatan order Washington resented but followed (although shortly afterward a fire of unknown origin destroyed most of the city). The revelations that he had deceived the public and Congress as the scandal unfolded also undermined presidential power. A. Direct link to Yagnesh Peddatimmareddy's post Presidents have used exec, Posted 4 years ago. 11. A. elimination of the Electoral College 41. The continuing belief that Truman had trapped the United States in an unwinnable land war in Asia by crossing the 38th Parallel in Korea, the distress at Johnsons judgment in leading the country into Vietnam, and the perception that Nixon had prolonged the war there for another four yearsa war that would cost the lives of more than 58,000 U.S. troops, more than in any foreign war save for World War IIprovoked national cynicism about presidential leadership. Shortly . B. Thomas Jefferson B. is a limited office whose occupant is confined to the exercise of expressly granted constitutional powers. D. should provide strong leadership in the area of foreign policy but not in domestic policy. 20. D. 1984 They are legally binding in the same way that treaties are. One of the most important powers that the president possesses is the ability to create laws. B. John Kerry accepted federal matching funds in the primaries. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. Presidents are limited in their use of the veto on legislation directly affecting national security or economic policy. Start your constitutional learning journey. Direct link to Miguel Breton's post What are the benefits of , Posted a year ago. b. from time to time, the public elects someone of exceptional talent. If a President refuses to sign a bill, he "vetoes" the law ("veto" is Latin for "I forbid"). The War Powers Act was enacted in order to B. He reasons that one president can act more quickly, and with more secrecy when necessary, than a larger group of leaders. C. immediately after Congress enacts a major presidential initiative. As David Barron and Martin Ledermans definitive academic study of the Clause explains, the textual designation of the President as the Commander in Chief was intended to ensure that that officer, and no other, would be ultimately responsible for performing that role, whatever it was to entail. To that end, they continue, the Clause suggests that, at least with respect to certain functions, Congress may not (by statute or otherwise) delegate the ultimate command of the army and navy. Robert Dalleks most recent book is The Lost Peace: Leadership in a Time of Horror and Hope, 1945-1953. A. has the strong support of the American people. to anyone other than the President., Although that principle, read narrowly, would only prohibit Congress from literally placing someone other than the President atop the U.S. military hierarchy, it presumably also means that Congress cannot insulate parts of the military from the Presidents superintendence or interfere with the Presidents supervisory role, lest Congress have the power to effectively undermine the Presidents command authorityand, in Justice Jacksons words, convert the Clause into an empty title.. (p. 390) A president's accomplishments have largely depended on A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. B. The Expanding Power of the Presidency. By ending the fighting in Korea and holding Communist expansion to a minimum without another limited war, Eisenhower won re-election in 1956 and maintained public backing for his control of foreign affairs. 16. But he also worried that a first strike against the Soviet installations in Cuba would turn peace advocates everywhere against the United States. Perpich therefore suggests that, at least under the Guards dual enlistment system, the Calling Forth Clause is effectively a non-starter; the constitutional text simply doesnt matter because there is virtually no situation today when the militia, at least as the Supreme Court has interpreted the term, is actually being called forth, and federal regulars may be called forth even in those contexts in which the Calling Forth Clause might otherwise have been read to require utilization of the militia. A. 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