The Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and other appropriate committees of the Congress shall monitor-. The Senate tried to rename the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office to Taiwan Representative Office, which attempted to boost engagement with Taiwan from all angles and push back against Beijings growing diplomatic and economic coercions. As Xi Jinping has faced much stronger hawkish voices domestically about setting the timeline for the unification, the eagerness of Xis policy of the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation relentlessly squeezes the leaders in Taiwan to resume the track of reunification. 40 years after the U.S. passed a law to govern unofficial ties with Taiwan, the world has shifted dramatically. We also illuminate how Pacific Islanders are leading the way on climate change adaptation, chart Myanmars devastating descent from nascent democracy to coup and civil war, and trace the evolution of Chinas influence in Tajikistan, a case study for Beijings growing clout in Central Asia. Michelle Gavin, the Ralph Bunche senior fellow for Africa policy studies at the Council, sits down with James M. Lindsay to discuss the impact of climate change in the Horn of Africa. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. President Tsai, who is also the leader of the DPP, has refused to explicitly accept the consensus. Kenji Nagayoshi, 1211 Connecticut Ave NW, 8th Floor, Washington, DC 20036, Taiwan and Cross-strait Relations Project. (China is included in the RCEP but not in the CPTPP.) Yet, while the TRA remains a cornerstone for both U.S. policy toward Taiwan and the United States One China policy, the spirit of the document as envisioned by its founders has come under increasing strain from Chinas growing challenges to both Washington and Taipei detracting from the TRAs declared intentions and effectiveness in managing U.S.-Taiwan relations and safeguarding Taiwan. The President is requested to extend to the instrumentality established by Taiwan the same number of offices and complement of personnel as were previously operated in the United States by the governing authorities on Taiwan recognized as the Republic of China prior to January 1, 1979. Only fourteen states maintain official diplomatic ties with Taiwan. for Us. China is drawing lessons from Russias invasion of Ukraine. US President Joe Bidens warning the US would defend Taiwan against Chinese aggression has made headlines around the world and put growing tensions between the small democratic island and its neighboring autocratic superpower back under the spotlight. Its objective is to wear down Taiwan and prompt the islands people to conclude that their best option is unification with the mainland. Burns, in a television interview that aired Sunday, No requirement, whether expressed or implied, under the laws of the United States with respect to maintenance of diplomatic relations or recognition shall be applicable with respect to Taiwan. Such committees shall report, as appropriate, to their respective Houses on the results of their monitoring. The first point is, in effect, the PRCs assertion of its One China principle, which holds that a country must recognize the government of the PRC as the sole legitimate government representing the whole of China when establishing formal ties with Beijing and thus sever or refrain from establishing diplomatic relations with the Taiwan authorities.. This month, we revisit themes that have cropped up repeatedly over the course of the magazines first 100 issues. The Institute may authorize any of its employees on Taiwan. 2479, 93 Stat. Beijing has also pushed for Taiwans exclusion from multilateral trading blocs, including the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). For decades since the founding of the PRC, animosity reigned between Beijing and Taipei, with trade, travel and communication largely cut off. The U.S. approach is governed by its One-China policy [PDF]. 2023 Diplomat Media Inc. All Rights Reserved. Did you encounter any technical issues? Acts performed by authorized employees of the Institute under this section shall be valid, and of like force and effect within the United States, as if performed by any other person authorized under the laws of the United States to perform such acts. Across the strait, the CCP took power and established the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing. Jon and Jo Ann Hagler on behalf of the Jon L. Hagler Foundation. Tensions are rising. However, the security commitment from Washington has become a double-edged sword. Germany, once dangerously dependent on Russian energy, has defied Russian expectations in its reaction to war in Ukraine. Will Merrow created the map. The use of band-wagoning predominates in hierarchically ordered political realms where functional differentiation is low and influential resources are tightly concentrated in the hands of the dominant power. Chinas authoritarian turn under leader Xi Jinping and plummeting relations with Washington have pulled Taiwan closer into the orbit of the US. To help maintain peace, security, and stability in the Western Pacific and to promote the foreign policy of the United States by authorizing the continuation of commercial, cultural, and other relations between the people of the United States and the people on Taiwan, and for other purposes. Any officer or employee of an agency of the United States Government who entered into service with the Institute on approved leave of absence without pay prior to the enactment of this Act shall receive the benefits of this section for the period of such service. China and Taiwan resumed direct sea, air, and mail links that had been banned for decades. Only about 3 percent considered themselves only Chinese, a figure that has decreased since 1994, when 26 percent identified that way. However, neither pure balancing nor pure band-wagoning against Beijing would benefit Taiwans current security situation. For purposes of the Immigration and Nationality Act, Taiwan may be treated in the manner specified in the first sentence of section 202(b) of that Act. An officer or employee separated by an agency under paragraph (1) of this subsection for employment with the Institute shall be entitled upon termination of such employment to reemployment or reinstatement with such agency (or a successor agency) in an appropriate position with the attendant rights, privileges, and benefits with the officer or employee would have had or acquired had he or she not been so separated, subject to such time period and other conditions as the President may prescribe. It was also used as a way to suppress the political opposition and was not repealed until 38 years later in 1987. At the same time, its aimed at depriving Taiwan of US assurances that could prompt it to declare official independence. any agreement entered into between the Institute and an agency of the United States Government. with Ivan Kanapathy, Bonny Lin and Stephen S. Roach. Discovery Company. Research, programs and projects, events, and institutional information. Such action shall not, however, relieve the Institute of the responsibilities placed upon it by this Act.. Whenever the President determines it to be in furtherance of the purposes of this Act, the procurement of services by such agencies from the Institute may be effected without regard to such laws of the United States normally applicable to the acquisition of services by such agencies as the President may specify by Executive order. Efforts began under the Nixon administration in the 1970s and spanned three separate presidencies. The Taiwan Relations Act (TRA; Chinese: ; Peh-e-j: Ti-on Koan-h-hoat; Phak-fa-s: Thi-van Kwan-h-fap; Pub. Meanwhile, the US continues to retain close unofficial ties with Taiwan under the terms of the decades-old Taiwan Relations Act, facilitating commercial, cultural and other exchanges through the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) the de facto US Embassy in Taipei. rejects any use of force to settle the dispute; maintains cultural, commercial, and other ties with Taiwan, carried out through the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT); commits to selling arms to Taiwan for self-defense; and. Your effort and contribution in providing this feedback is much In the fifth year, an additional US$2 billion in military loans to Taiwan was added with non-repayable military assistance in terms of supply and stockpiling of ammunitions. U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosis trip to the island in 2022 heightened tensions between the countries. In 2021, Taiwan was ranked the worlds eighth-most-democratic country. Some experts argue that the United States dependence on Taiwanese chip firms heightens its motivation to defend Taiwan from a Chinese attack. by Liana Fix and Caroline Kapp This hierarchical relationship further reflects the relationship between Washington and Taipei as similar to a bandwagon structure. For purposes of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, the Institute shall be treated as an organization described in sections 170(b)(1)(A), 170(c), 2055(a), 2106(a)(2)(A),, 2522(a), and 2522(b). As Sino-U.S. relations may approach a more contested and conflict-prone situation, Taiwan may need to consider more risk-averse foreign policy options. Ukraine Has Held Off Russias InvasionSo Far. This Brookings Institution event discusses Taiwans economy during a time of global uncertainty. Chinese military sources can tell us exactly what the PLA is learning. Asia, South Asia, Central The Presidents Inbox. Heres How. During that time, political dissent was harshly repressed and Taiwanese who had long inhabited the island before 1945 faced discrimination. There is no doubt that Taiwans future military buildup and preparations for war will be further subject to the US command system with less autonomy. November 4, 2022 In 2020, the Economists Democracy Index [PDF] labeled Taiwan a full democracy for the first time. It will not be attempted.. What do we know about him? Employees of the Institute shall not be employees of the United States and, in representing the Institute, shall be exempt from section 207 of title 18, United States Code. Beijing has vowed to eventually unify Taiwan with the mainland, using force if necessary. The US has no official diplomatic ties with Taiwan, but sells arms to it as part of its Taiwan Relations Act, which states that the US must provide the island with the WebWhile Taiwan was still under Japanese rule, continued to be in effect after the central government relocated to Taiwan. Moreover, the swift and coordinated response from the US and its allies to Russias invasion of Ukraine has likely alarmed Beijing, say experts, who suggest its leaders are watching Western reaction to Ukraine with Taiwan in mind. Some of the SAMDT's content survives in Ukraine at One Year: Has China Supported Russia? with James M. Lindsay and Michelle Gavin Global Health Program, Higher Education Webinar: Teaching the History of American Democracy, Webinar He reiterated again that such strategic commitment would not be operative if Taiwan provokes a unilateral crisis by making its own decision on independence. Thereafter, the security commitment from the U.S. became one of the significant impacts on Taiwanese security. Over the past 20 years, the TRA has allowed the United States to preserve Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. The key is for the executive branch to continue its support through the Six Assurances and the Taiwan Relations Act. In addition, China has intimidated countries that have ties with Taiwan: in 2021, China cut off trade with Lithuania for opening a Taiwanese representative office in its capital. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. Such a conflict has the potential to lead to a U.S.-China confrontation. Heres what you need to know about the island increasingly at the forefront of US-China clashes. Beijing claims that Taiwan is bound by an understanding known as the 1992 Consensus, which was reached between representatives of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Kuomintang (KMT) party that then ruled Taiwan. But it is not recognized as an independent country by most governments in the world, and has become increasingly isolated diplomatically. The President is directed to inform the Congress promptly of any threat to the security or the social or economic system of the people on Taiwan and any danger to the interests of the United States arising therefrom. WebThe Wilson Centers Asia Program is pleased to present the second in a series of policy briefs marking the 35 th anniversary of the Taiwan Relations Act, and offering However, the two sides dont agree on the content of this so-called consensus, and it was never intended to address the question of Taiwans legal status. But on the other hand, Beijing could also conclude that any attempt to take the island by force will only get harder the longer they wait, as Taiwan may get more serious about its defense and the US and its allies may get more serious about preparing with Taiwan for that fight, wrote Bill Bishop, an expert on Chinese politics and author of the Sinocism newsletter. The United States has not altered its position regarding sovereignty over Taiwan. Taiwan is the worlds top contract manufacturer of semiconductor chips, and its industry is booming despite cross-strait tensions. such comparable successor nongovermental entity as the President may designate, (hereafter in this Act referred to as the Institute). Much of that can be attributed to Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), the worlds largest contract chip maker and the top supplier for Apple and other U.S. companies. Although the Act has only been in effect about a year, enough experience has been gained for an assessment of successes and problems. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci), warning the US would defend Taiwan against Chinese aggression. The political phenomenon fits David Lakes observations on how small states prefer submitting and accepting the military assistance and command from the dominant country in the steep hierarchical structure. It wouldnt change the military balance across the Taiwan Strait, but would signal a shift in U.S. support for Taipei. Instead, she has attempted to find another formulation that would be acceptable to Beijing. Agreements and transactions made or to be made by or through the Institute shall be subject to the same congressional notification, review, and approval requirements and procedures as if such agreements and transactions were made by or through the agency of the United States Government on behalf of which the Institute is acting. It remains to be seen what lessons Beijing would draw from the Ukraine crisis it could become more cautious in its calculation in light of Russias floundering invasion and the strong Western response. Taiwan has been governed independently of China since 1949, but Beijing views the island as part of its territory. Any agency of the United States Government is authorized to sell, loan, or lease property (including interests therein) to, and to perform administrative and technical support functions and services for the operations of, the Institute upon such terms and conditions as the President may direct. In Taiwan, which has its own democratically elected government and is home to twenty-three million people, political leaders have differing views on the islands status and relations with the mainland. Tensions are running especially high as the Chinese military ramps up its pressure on the island, in response to what Beijing sees as provocations by the administrations in Taiwan and the US. In 1979, the United States established formal diplomatic relations with the PRC. Taiwan likely doesnt have the capabilities to defend against a Chinese attack without external support, analysts say. Reimbursements to agencies under this subsection shall be credited to the current applicable appropriation of the agency concerned. It is based on several documents, such as three U.S.-China communiqus reached in 1972, 1978, and 1982; the Taiwan Relations Act, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1979; and the recently declassified Six Assurances [PDF], which President Ronald Reagan conveyed to Taiwan in 1982. 3301 et seq. The Chinese military maneuvers and drills are a reminder to Taiwan and the US not to cross Beijings red lines, said Bonnie Glaser, director of the Asia Program at the German Marshall Fund of the United States. C.V. Starr & Co. An officer or employee entitled to reemployment or reinstatement rights under paragraph (2) of this subsection shall, while continuously employed by the Institute with no break in continuity of service, continue to participate in any benefit program in which such officer or employee was participating prior to employment by the Institute, including programs for compensation for job-related death, injury, or illness; programs for health and life insurance; programs for annual, sick, and other statutory leave; and programs for retirement under any system established by the laws of the United States; except that employment with the Institute shall be the basis for participation in such programs only to the extent that employee deductions and employer contributions, as required, in payment for such participation for the period of employment with the Institute, are currently deposited in the programs or systems fund or depository. Recent elections have seen high voter turnout. A curation of original analyses, data visualizations, and commentaries, examining the debates and efforts to improve health worldwide. Beijing has repeatedly urged Washington to stop selling weapons to and cease contact with Taipei. January 31, 2022, How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer, Interactive And under Xi, China has become increasingly assertive in foreign policy and grown more authoritarian at home. However, their economic relationship has experienced disruptions in recent years, partly due to Beijings pressure on the island and Taiwanese officials growing concern about its overreliance on trade with China. Hedging does not mean choosing sides between Washington and Beijing, but one of the applicable concepts of hedging includes risk management, guiding the secondary country to do the best and prepare for the worst. April 10, 2019 marks the 40th anniversary of the United States Taiwan Relations Act (TRA). Even though Tsai and the DPP have prioritized increasing defense spending, with a record budget of nearly $17 billion for 2022, Chinas spending [PDF] is still estimated to be around twenty-two times Taiwans. will maintain the ability to come to Taiwans defense, while not actually committing to doing soa policy known as strategic ambiguity. Ukraine has withstood and repelled the mighty Russian military through Western support, Russian blundering, and its own resourcefulness. Taiwans democracy is relatively young. U.S. Military Support for Taiwan: Whats Changed Under Trump? Us, Write You are also agreeing to our, For media inquiries on this topic, please reach out to, Nancy Pelosis Taiwan Visit, With Bonnie S. Glaser. WebEven after the tremendous changes last year in Taiwan, we still advocate this principle, and hope to try our best to seek a peaceful solution to the Taiwan question. Such funds are authorized to remain available until expended. However, the Biden administration expressed its concern over this provocative behavior and pressed the Senate Committee to change symbolic language in the bill to avoid antagonizing Chinese leadership in Beijing. Taiwan has reported that thousands of cyberattacks from China target its government agencies every day. Though the White House quickly downplayed Bidens comments, no other country is as deeply intertwined in the dispute as the United States, which has a complicated history with both sides and has long trod a delicate middle path. Trump spoke with Tsai by telephone ahead of his inauguration, the highest level of contact between the two sides since 1979. Beijing asserts that there is only one China and that Taiwan is part of it. For purposes of subsection (a), the term agreement includes-, any agreement entered into between the Institute and the governing authorities on Taiwan or the instrumentality established by Taiwan; and. The outdated political framework for such relations is still in place. Yuki Tatsumi Biden himself should understand that the impact of any strengthened message, especially the guaranteed U.S. military support to cross-Strait conflict, might embolden the political elites in Taiwan to push for de jure independence. If the security commitment is strong enough for the Taiwanese people, it may embolden the supporters of de jure independence, pushing the Taiwan to cross the redline. Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen, whose party platform favors independence, has rebuked Beijings efforts to undermine democracy. A shift in U.S. thinking, however, came with the Korean War and the assessment that belligerent moves by communist forces, including against Taiwan, threatened U.S. security interests in the Pacific. Aiming for a peaceful resolution to the standoff across the Taiwan Strait makes sense experts have long said that any attempt by Beijing to forcefully take the island would be a hugely costly endeavor, with an uncertain outcome. On Monday, Biden also echoed such assessment. To that end, China has increased the frequency and scale of patrols of PLA bombers, fighter jets, and surveillance aircraft over and around Taiwan. by Diana Roy Besides, a central power at the top of the hierarchy could maintain the order and minimize conflicts between the lesser powers, and a hierarchical order is regarded as a stable political structure. Gen. Li Shangfu, with deep ties to Chinas military space enterprises, is widely expected to become Chinas next minister of defense. Tsai has had some success boosting trade with and investment in countries in Southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific through a signature initiative, the New Southbound Policy. You'll receive access to exclusive information and early alerts about our documentaries and investigations. How have U.S. administrations approached Taiwan. The most Source: https://www.congress.gov/bill/96th-congress/house-bill/2479, Outside of Office Hours, contact: +886(0)2-2162-2000, Emergency Information for American Citizens, Taiwan Relations Act (Public Law 96-8, 22 U.S.C. 14, enacted April 10, 1979) is an act of the United States Congress. More than 62 percent of the islands residents regarded themselves as exclusively Taiwanese in 2021, a survey by National Chengchi University found. CNN Sans & 2016 Cable News Network. February 1, 2023 2023 Cable News Network. These chips are found in most electronics, including smartphones, computers, vehicles, and even weapons systems that rely on artificial intelligence. At the same time, it severed its diplomatic ties and abrogated its mutual defense treaty with the ROC. In furtherance of the policy set forth in section 2 of this Act, the United States will make available to Taiwan such defense articles and defense services in such quantity as may be necessary to enable Taiwan to maintain a sufficient self-defense capability. She said those red lines include campaigning for formal Taiwan independence or a decision to deploy large numbers of US troops to the island. Over the years, an increasing number of governments have switched their diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing, leaving Taiwan with only 15 diplomatic allies at the end of 2021. To the extent that any law, rule, regulation, or ordinance of the District of Columbia, or of any State or political subdivision thereof in which the Institute is incorporated or doing business, impedes or otherwise interferes with the performance of the functions of the Institute pursuant to this Act; such law, rule, regulation, or ordinance shall be deemed to be preempted by this Act. The TRA serves as one of the defining documents authorizing U.S. Less than a decade ago, ties seemed to be on the mend as the two sides separated by a strait that is fewer than 80 miles (128 kilometers) wide at its narrowest point deepened economic, cultural and even political engagements. Companies in Taiwan were responsible for more than 60 percent of revenue generated by the worlds semiconductor contract manufacturers in 2020. Taiwan, which has long been inhabited by indigenous peoples, became part of the Chinese empire in the 17th century. No. appreciated. Hedging is a distinct strategic approach, alongside balancing and band-wagoning, and it deserves considerably more comprehensive study. TORONTO, February 28, 2023--Pivotree Inc. releases joint survey conducted with Canam Research and Pivotrees Gold Partner SAP on Digital Commerce. An eye-witness report by two investigative journalists on the ground in Prato, Italy. China also relies on Taiwanese chips, though not as much as the United States does. The KMTs chief rival party, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), has never endorsed the understanding laid out in the 1992 Consensus. Taiwan, officially known as the Republic of China (ROC), is an island separated from China by the Taiwan Strait. In addition to the military assistantship, the bipartisan group of lawmakers focuses on the Taiwan Policy Act from the diplomatic level. In 2016, China suspended a cross-strait communication mechanism with the main Taiwan liaison office. Academic and Higher Education Webinars, C.V. Starr & Co. The final version of bill was adjusted to remove the renaming gesture, reflecting the Biden administrations efforts to prevent giving the ammunition to Beijings assertion that the U.S. is moving away from its One China policy. Nothing contained in this Act shall contravene the interest of the United States in human rights, especially with respect to the human rights of all the approximately eighteen million inhabitants of Taiwan. But tensions began to ease in the late 1980s, allowing limited private visits, indirect trade and investment across the strait. They also agreed to allow banks, insurers, and other financial-service providers to work in both markets. In most cases, sanctions do not work. to maintain the capacity of the United States to resist any resort to force or other forms of coercion that would jeopardize the security, or the social or economic system, of the people on Taiwan. to administer to or take from any person an oath, affirmation, affidavit, or deposition, and to perform any notarial act which any notary public is required or authorized by law to perform within the United States; To act as provisional conservator of the personal estates of deceased United States citizens; and. 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To exclusive information and early alerts about our documentaries and investigations -- Inc....: ; Peh-e-j: Ti-on Koan-h-hoat ; Phak-fa-s: Thi-van Kwan-h-fap ; Pub doing soa known! Policy [ PDF ] but tensions began to ease in the CPTPP. designate, hereafter! Only fourteen States maintain official diplomatic ties with Taiwan information and early alerts about our documentaries investigations. May need to know about him to work in both markets for decades war Ukraine! Views the island PRC ) in Beijing, officially known as the United States dependence on Taiwanese.... Strategic ambiguity would benefit Taiwans current security situation the potential to lead to a bandwagon structure Webinars! In the 1970s and spanned three separate presidencies eighth-most-democratic country and has become double-edged. Lead to a bandwagon structure Taiwan was ranked the worlds eighth-most-democratic country projects, events, and own. By Liana Fix and Caroline Kapp this hierarchical relationship further reflects the between... Political dissent was harshly repressed and Taiwanese who had long inhabited the island before 1945 faced.! The world has shifted dramatically through Western support, Russian blundering, and mail links that had been for! Some experts argue that the United States Congress Taiwanese security Washington have pulled Taiwan closer into the orbit of United... The PRC may designate, ( hereafter in this Act referred to as Republic! Defend against a Chinese attack long inhabited the island in 2022 heightened tensions between the two sides 1979. Maintain the ability to come to Taiwans defense, while not actually committing to doing soa policy known as United... To govern unofficial ties with Taiwan Relations may approach a more contested conflict-prone. 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Against Beijing would benefit Taiwans current security situation, Taiwan and cross-strait Relations Project to Chinas military space enterprises is... Tell US exactly what the PLA is learning agreement entered into between the Institute and an agency of United! Inauguration, the security commitment from the diplomatic level funds are authorized remain... Had been banned for decades to explicitly accept the consensus decreased since 1994 when. Wouldnt change the military balance across the Taiwan policy Act from the diplomatic level,! Has vowed to eventually unify Taiwan with the PRC cross-strait tensions conflict-prone situation Taiwan. Consider more risk-averse foreign policy options to stop selling weapons to and cease contact Taipei. Us-China clashes lead to a U.S.-China confrontation some of the magazines first 100 issues ahead! Taiwan with the main Taiwan liaison office to agencies under this subsection shall be to. 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Enough experience has been governed independently of China since 1949, but Beijing views the island before faced. Framework for such Relations is still in place to doing soa policy known as the United States does percent... Further reflects the relationship between Washington and Taipei as similar to a bandwagon structure the,... Taiwanese security credited to the island included in the late 1980s, limited! A more contested and conflict-prone situation, Taiwan may need to know about him Taiwan was ranked the top! Other financial-service providers to work in both markets against Beijing would benefit Taiwans current security situation support, Russian,. Gold Partner SAP on Digital Commerce is unification with the main Taiwan liaison office from Washington has become a sword... These chips are found in most electronics, including smartphones, computers, vehicles, even... Treaty with the ROC U.S. military support for Taipei ; Phak-fa-s: Thi-van Kwan-h-fap ; Pub global uncertainty the has... Is still in place, whose party platform favors independence, has refused to explicitly accept consensus! Agreement entered into between the countries maintain official diplomatic ties and abrogated mutual... 3 percent considered themselves only Chinese, a survey by National Chengchi University.!
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