v. Central Intelligence Agency, et al. An "Independent Study Course" for continuing medical education produced by the US Department of Veterans Affairs, Health Effects from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons (October 2003),[12] presents the following summary of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments: Renewed interest led to renewed human testing by the Department of Defense (DoD), although ultimately on a much smaller scale. He filed a federal lawsuit for compensation in 1979, but was unsuccessful because of a legal doctrine that protects the military from being sued for service-related injuries. The Edgewood Arsenal human experiments took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratories which is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD) at the Edgewood Area . "I remember him laying up in the bedroom up there," she says. "But not to get messed up," he continued. The lack of a detailed record hampered the investigation. Researchers there had recorded his full name in neat handwriting on lined paper. The truth about the CIA is quite another story, one that should've been a huge news story a decade ago but gets fully recounted here for anyone who missed the truth the first time. The lawsuit detailed how the military secretly tested drugs and chemicals on thousands of soldiers including dangerous nerve gases like Sarin and incapacitating agents like LSD and BZ, that Paul called Benzene. Days before his Edgewood duty ended, in February 1968, Josephs was hospitalized for days with Parkinsons-like tremors, symptoms he said have followed him on and off throughout his adult life. Attorney James Hancock works with the California law firm Morrison & Foerster, which filed a class action lawsuit back in 2008 against the CIA and Department of Defense. They based that conclusion on the same information that had been sitting in his VA file for decades. NASHVILLE, Tenn. (WTVF) A top-secret military program treated active-duty U.S. soldiers like they were guinea pigs according to a class action lawsuit that shed light on what happened. hide caption. Fort Hoyle was established on October 7, 1922, and was created from a portion of the Edgewood Arsenal. Those substances affect the same region of the brain, Erspamer said. As late as 2014 incomplete information due to the failure to declassify and release relevant classified documents prevented IOM from conducting adequate medical studies related to similar former US biowarfare programs. Treatment will be in addition to the comprehensive medical care that plaintiffs are entitled to receive through Veterans Affairs because of their status as veterans, the release said. (N.D. Cal. Blocks of ice sat on shelves overhead with fans blowing across them to increase the humidity in the room, which intensified mustard gas's effects on the body. Vol. It was like a plum assignment, Josephs said. Rochelle, 60, who has come back to live in Onslow county, said in an interview that there were about two dozen volunteers . He blames his time at Edgewood for all this, and he has joined a lawsuit on behalf of Edgewood veterans seeking medical benefits from the Department of Veterans Affairs. "I've read several of the guys say they were never the same after BZ, and they are telling the truth," Paul said. The mustard gas experiments were conducted at a time when American intelligence showed that enemy gas attacks were imminent. In his mid-50s, Josephs was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease, a progressive neurological condition that forced him to retire early. He showed a black and white photo of a large group of soldiers in front of a sign "Medical Volunteers.". soldiers at the Edgewood Arsenal, or to other "volunteers" under contract to the Edgewood Arsenal, were not disclosed. Harry Bollinger, 88, of Freeport, Pa., pauses as he talks about his recovery from mustard gas exposure as part of an experiment at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. "I was disgusted already. 2009), the plaintiffs did not seek monetary damages. Veterans who have a disease or injury they believe is related to the testing may seek treatment from the Army, according to the Armys Office of the Surgeon General. The Army then sent Josephs to Air Force bases in Thailand, in support of the war effort in Vietnam. If, at any time, you have difficulty using this website, please contact us. Veterans who are eligible for the care must have: Eligible veterans can expect to receive the medical care and related medications at their nearest military medical treatment facility that has the capability and capacity for them, officials said in the release. Parker Waichman LLP is offering free lawsuit evaluations to any former soldier who was subjected to medical experimentation at Edgewood Arsenal between 1955 through 1975. Everyone I have dealt with at your firm has been very professional and courteous. The complaint asked the court to determine that defendants' actions were illegal and that the defendants have a duty to notify all victims and to provide them with health care. In a statement, the Defense Department said that it has made it a priority to identify all service members exposed to chemical and biological substances and the VA has contacted and offered free medical evaluations to thousands of veterans.. Please switch auto forms mode to off. While early experiments with marijuana and LSD get plenty of discussion, much of the long-term damage seems to result from experimentation with the powerful incapacitating agent 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate, commonly known as BZ. Courtesy of Edgewood Arsenal hide caption, When the story broke, VA Deputy Secretary Anthony Principi appeared on 60 Minutes, in 1991, to explain how the agency would respond to men who were injured in the tests: "They should be praised for what they did," Principi said on the CBS News program. He says he is proud of his service, and he wears the cap everywhere he goes. According to the class action lawsuit filed on behalf of Edgewood Arsenal veterans, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), despite having actively participated in the experiments, has denied between 97% and 99% of all disability or death claims arising out of the exposures. 800-829-4833, Veterans Crisis Line: In the midst of the Cold War, the military was concerned chemical agents could be used against U.S. soldiers. Whether you're looking for news and entertainment, thinking of joining the military or keeping up with military life and benefits, Military.com has you covered. Those regulations have kept veterans like Harry Bollinger, 88, from receiving benefits. Medications cost $2,000 a month, which he was paying for out of pocket. Overall, about 7,000 soldiers took part in these experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 different chemicals, according to the Department of Defense (DoD). In order to best serve veterans and their families, VA continues to study the possibility of long-term health effects associated with in-service exposure to chemical and biological weapons, the letter promised. An officer took him aside. He says he tires easily. Health Care [17], The official position of the Department of Defense, based on the three-volume set of studies by the Institute of Medicine mentioned above, is that they "did not detect any significant long-term health effects on the Edgewood Arsenal volunteers". In this U.S. government photo, Wray Forrest is seen on the far right in 1973 while participating in the program at Maryland's Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center. A lawsuit brought by a veterans advocacy group, Vietnam Veterans of America, resulted in the requirement that the Army give medical care to eligible veterans who took part in testing that supported U.S. chemical and biological programs, Army Medical Command officials said in a release this week. A classified report entitled "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War" was produced in 1949 by Luther Wilson Greene, Technical Director of the Chemical and Radiological Laboratories at Edgewood. It concluded that "Whether the subjects at Edgewood incurred these changes [depression, cognitive deficits, tendency to suicide] and to what extent they might now show these effects are not known". Josephs left the service when his three-year tour ended, and he began a career as a real estate agent. he says. File a claim online. "It's sobering to hear the words and discussion that was happening about setting this program up," Hancock said. Thus, between 1950 and 1975, about 6,720 soldiers took part in experiments involving exposures to 254 different chemicals, conducted at U.S. Army Laboratories at Edgewood Arsenal, MD (NRC 1982, NRC 1984, NAS 1993). The study could not rule out long-term health effects related to exposure to the nerve agents. A group of them, led by Nat Schnurman, went public with their stories in 1990. The judges in 2015 rejected a district courts earlier argument that the Army didnt have to provide medical care for the veterans because some of them receive VA care, The judges instead ruled the Army has a duty to provide them care. The Army colonel had no regrets about the experiments and believed he was acting in the best interests of the nation as it faced a Cold War threat. His wife, Irene, remembers how the experiments affected his health for the rest of his life. But the VA didn't uphold those promises, an NPR investigation has found. In more than 20 years, the VA attempted to reach just 610 of the men, with a single letter sent in the mail. Some gave up out of frustration. But until NPR inquired about his case, all of those claims had been denied. VA offers a variety of health care benefits to eligible Veterans. "We weren't told what it was," says Charlie Cavell, who was 19 when he volunteered for the program in exchange for two weeks' vacation. Many official government reports and civilian lawsuits followed in the wake of the controversy. NPR interviewed more than 40 living test subjects and family members, and they describe an unending cycle of appeals and denials as they struggled to get government benefits for mustard gas exposure. The website has details about applying for medical care through this program. The lawsuit's argument is in line with broader criticisms of Edgewood: that, whether out of military urgency or scientific dabbling, the Army recklessly endangered the lives of its soldiers . 1,073 subjects were exposed to aerosolized CS; 82 subjects had both skin applications and aerosol exposures; and finally. That adds up to 1,167 man-years of survival. From 1955 to 1975, the U.S. Army Chemical Corps conducted classified medical studies at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland. 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants, Vol. From this point on, APG was the common identifier for both areas. The whole thing stinks, and if the American people knew about it, they would not tolerate it. The ruling came on a class-action lawsuit filed by Vietnam Veterans of America, Swords to Plowshares and individual veterans over medical care for troops who participated in research programs at. [The VA] has made it a priority to identify all service members exposed to chemical and biological substances. A nurse or doctor asked him questions after he was put in a chamber and exposed to an irritant, likely tear gas. The soldiers deposition also stated that participants were given no warnings about side effects or potential long-term health risks that might be associated with the experiments. A Government Accounting Office report of May 2004, Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Continue to Collect and Provide Information on Tests and Potentially Exposed Personnel (pp. Yet another lawsuit was filed against the town of Edgewood this week, this time by a former member of the town's planning and zoning commission, alleging violation of the Inspection of Public Records Act. Documents reveal after getting BZ, Paul was put in temperatures of 105 degrees then 125 degrees for up to seven hours, to see if the drug impacted the way soldiers sweated. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. A third type of test exposed troops to gas outdoors in simulated combat settings. A Nashville veteran discusses a top-secret military testing program that exposed thousands of soldiers to dangerous chemicals. Hancock said the class action lawsuit led to nearly 10 years of litigation. After NPR's inquiry, the VA told NPR there was enough evidence to grant his claims. I was stationed at Aberdeen Proving Ground and assigned to Edgewood Arsenal, my family and I lived in government quarters just off post in Edgewood and on the arsenal from 1985 -1990 for my family and 1985-89 for myself. However, the declaration was an effective deterrent, and the Axis powers did not use . "It's an important story that needs to be told and it's a story that frankly a lot of people don't know," Hancock said. Sometimes, he has trouble swallowing. After all, the Edgewood experimenters were focused on disabling soldiers in combat, where there would be tactical value simply in disabling the enemy.[8]. The Marine Corps is eliminating the scout sniper program as part of the service's big Force Design 2030 overhaul. 27), then 19, volunteered for the military's secret chemical testing program in exchange for two weeks' vacation. By this logic, Edgewood was possibly the safest military place in the world to spend two months. Charlie Cavell at his home in Virginia. The use of troops to test nerve gas, psychochemicals, and thousands of other toxic chemical or biological substances. Josephs says he now takes two dozen pills daily. And yet Flohr insists the VA still needs proof in order to grant claims. In January 2014, an additional request was made for release of multiple films made of Project SHAD tests. They want to use young men as guinea pigs and throw them away., The Department of Defense and Department of Veterans Affairs declined face-to-face interviews with CNN, citing pending litigation. If you're looking for the best war movies on Netflix we're here to help you stop the scrolling, move past the algorithm and An aging CIA agent gets pulled back in for one more mission. Original photo: Courtesy of Charlie Cavell "No Social Security numbers, no addresses, no way of identifying them. We conduct ongoing accessibility reviews and remediate any functionality issues. [10], According to a DOD FAQ, the Edgewood Arsenal experiments involved the following "rough breakout of volunteer hours against various experimental categories":[11]. the common OP antidote, other ocular and respiratory irritants; and. About 260 subjects were experimentally exposed to various psychochemicals including phencyclidine (PCP), and 10 related synthetic analogs of the active ingredient of cannabis (NRC 1984). Bollinger gave up appealing VA rejections in 1994, after four years of traveling back and forth 30 miles to a VA office office in Pittsburgh. He was told never to talk about his experiences at Edgewood and to forget about everything he ever did, said or heard at the Maryland base. "You can't coordinate anything you know. A recent class action lawsuit filed by the Vietnam Veterans of America required the U.S. Army to provide medical care to veterans who volunteered to contribute to the advancement of the U.S. biological and chemical programs. She says they didn't know that he was eligible for disability benefits when he died of a heart attack in 1995. A refusal to satisfy their legal and moral obligations to locate the victims of experiments or to provide health care or compensation to them. I really felt a duty to my country to go and serve, he said. Recent reports indicated that as many as 7,000 soldiers may have been subjected to these experiments in a top secret Cold War research program studying chemical and biological weapons. About 7,000 soldiers took part in these experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 different chemicals, according to the Department of Defense (DoD). All Rights Reserved. Paul was serving at Fort Bliss in Texas in 1968, when he volunteered for what he thought would be an easy assignment. He filed a federal lawsuit for compensation in 1979, but was unsuccessful because of a legal doctrine that protects the military from being sued for service-related injuries. [21], On appeal in Vietnam Veterans of America v. Central Intelligence Agency, a panel majority held in July 2015 that Army Regulation 70-25 (AR 70-25) created an independent duty to provide ongoing medical care to veterans who participated in U.S. chemical and biological testing programs. "U.S. Navy, Guinea Pig. The letter granting him benefits made no mention of Edgewood. The chemical testing on soldiers stopped in 1975. Of those involved in the experiments: Most of these experiments involved tests of protective equipment and of subjects' ability to perform military tasks during exposure. These experiments with mustard gas were conducted by the Army and Navy at more than a dozen locations. A deliberate destruction of evidence and files documenting their illegal actions, actions which were punctuated by fraud, deception, and a callous disregard for the value of human life. The class-action lawsuit was filed by Vietnam Veterans of America, Swords to Plowshares and individual veterans seeking medical care for troops who participated in the programs at Edgewood Arsenal and Fort Detrick in Maryland. appreciated. Initially, such studies focused solely on the lethality of the gases and its treatment and prevention. According to the memoirs of James Ketchum, who also cites the IOM study for the data, "24 belladonnoid glycolates and related compounds" were "given to 1,800 subjects". According to a recent report by CNN.com "From 1955 to 1975, military researchers at Edgewood were using not only animals but human subjects to test a witches' brew of drugs and chemicals. 2. A failure to secure informed consent and other widespread failures to follow the precepts of U.S. and international law regarding the use of human subjects, including the 1953 Wilson Directive and the Nuremberg Code. The release of the new document comes after a year in which the Navy saw several major clusters of suicides. On the other side is an in-depth and wide-ranging interview with Ketchum filmed shortly before his death in 2019. "If I were back in Congress, I'd be asking that question.". Thank you. Other times it was a pill, Josephs told CNN Chief Medical Correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta. They deserve that respect and the audience this documentary can bring. Eight individual isomers numbered EA-2233-1 through EA-2233-8. Other agencies including the CIA and the Special Operations Division of the Department of the Army were also reportedly involved in these studies (NAS 1993). Theyre hoping we die off, so you apply [for benefits], you get turned down, Josephs said. But when he went to fill out paperwork the morning after his arrival, the base personnel were wearing white lab coats, and Josephs said he had second thoughts. 31 subjects experienced ocular exposure via direct CS application to their eyes. We will strive to make that page accessible. The agents tested included chemical warfare agents and other related agents (inactive substances or placebos such as saline were used): There are no tests today that can confirm exposure to agents from decades ago. Officials say they can't explain why the benefits weren't granted sooner. Erspamer said Josephs probably received an injection of sarin or another nerve gas, because the records show that he received the drug P2S on February 1, 1968, to treat organophosphate poisoning.. All rights reserved. There, Ketchum was administering psychotropic drugs on young. The VA has been accused of bias in these claims denials due to its self-interest in the issues. A lawsuit brought by a veterans' advocacy group, Vietnam Veterans of America, resulted in the requirement that the Army give medical care to eligible veterans who took part in testing that. This includes receiving medicines or vaccines under the Armys investigational drug review. After an hour, the officer released six of the men back to their barracks. It forced the Army to locate soldiers who were in the testing program and send them documentation detailing what happened to them. Copyright 2021 Scripps Media, Inc. All rights reserved. More than 20 years later, the VA has attempted to contact fewer than a quarter of the thousands it said it would. Edgewood also hit a roadblock with its field in May of 2020, when the City of . Office of Accountability & Whistleblower Protection, Training - Exposure - Experience (TEE) Tournament, Military Exposure Related Health Concerns, War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, Clinical Trainees (Academic Affiliations), Learn more from the Department of Defense, Review and Approach to Evaluating Long-term Health Effects in Army Test Subjects, Find out if you qualify for VA health care, Call TTY if you To my knowledge, not one of them died or suffered a serious illness or permanent injury. Only a small number of all the experiments done during this period involved mustard agents or Lewisite. BTS will be on hiatus until all seven members complete their mandatory military service in South Korea. Case No. Paul's paperwork shows he received BZ, which he said felt like he was in a nightmare for hours at a time. If you or someone you love were a victim of these experiments, we urge you to contact Parker Waichman LLP today to protect your legal rights. 3, "Final Report: Current Health Status of Test Subjects" (1985). These irritant chemicals were selected for human testing following preliminary animal studies. In the early 1990s, VA officials also announced the agency would lower its burden of proof to make getting benefits easier in these cases. One film showed soldiers being injected with BZ, which in high doses can lead to hallucinations and confusion. 1, 24), stated: [In 1993 and 1994] we [] reported that the Army Chemical Corps conducted a classified medical research program for developing incapacitating agents. "That's me" he said pointing to a younger version of himself. And in this case I'm afraid the answer is not yet. Some of the volunteers exhibited certain symptoms at the time of exposure to these agents. The IOM decided in the end there wasnt enough information to reach definitive conclusions.. Erspamer said he sees a connection between Josephs Parkinsons disease and the drugs he received at Edgewood. He said, You volunteered for this. I am convinced that it is possible, by means of the techniques of psychochemical warfare, to conquer an enemy without the wholesale killing of his people or the mass destruction of his property.[2]. The action is related to a 2009 lawsuit filed by VVA, an Army spokesperson confirmed to Army Times. Josephs enlisted in the military fresh out of high school at the height of the Vietnam War. Nashville veteran Dennis Paul, 79, discussed his experience in the program with NewsChannel 5 Investigates, saying he it impacted him long after he left the Army. Nine workers, of whom eight were African-American, were killed in the . There is no VA environmental health registry associated with Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical tests. Greene, L. Wilson, "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War", U. S. Army Chemical Center, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland; August 1949. At the Armys request, The Institute of Medicine, an independent nonprofit organization that is the health arm of the National Academy of Sciences, produced a three-volume report in the 1980s on the long-term health of Edgewood veterans. ", Goss says he thinks the VA never delivered on its promises because this issue has been disappearing on its own for years. Your effort and contribution in providing this feedback is much Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way, Donate to the Salvation Army Red Kettle Challenge, Storm 5 Alert: Several waves of storms though Friday afternoon (3.1.23). Goss was a Florida congressman when he was contacted by a group of constituents who were used as test subjects and spoke out on their behalf. 2. Read the confidential (now unclassified) Army document uncovering LSD tests on volunteers (PDF). Other exposures included tear gas, and hallucinogenics like LSD. According to at least one class action lawsuit filed on behalf of Edgewood Arsenal veterans, other substances tested on soldiers there included mescaline, amphetamines, mustard gas, CS (riot control agent), a THC analog called red oil, anthrax, botulism, plague, tularemia, Q fever, and crop destruction agents such as dioxin, used in Agent Orange. Officials at the Pentagon tell NPR it's likely that some of the records about military mustard gas experiments were never recovered. A large group of them, led by Nat Schnurman, went public their... N'T explain why the benefits were n't granted sooner sent Josephs to Air Force bases in Thailand in... `` Final Report: Current health Status of test subjects '' ( 1985 ) career! Those claims had been sitting in his VA file for decades said the class action led! 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Scripps Media, Inc. all rights reserved school at the height of the records about military gas. The whole thing stinks, and hallucinogenics like LSD estate agent stinks, the! Experiments affected his health for the rest of his life applications and aerosol exposures and... What happened to them made no mention of Edgewood health care benefits to eligible.... Government reports and civilian lawsuits followed in the other times it was a pill, Josephs diagnosed! Died of a sign `` Medical volunteers. `` official government reports civilian. Addresses, no way of identifying them to satisfy their legal and moral obligations to locate soldiers who in! Antidote, other ocular and respiratory Irritants ; and finally third type of test exposed troops to outdoors. Offers a variety of health care or compensation to them its field in may of 2020 when! Copyright 2021 Scripps Media, Inc. all rights reserved lethality of the controversy mid-50s, Josephs.. 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