He did some work in the factory and it shaped him to a great extent because there, he could see that the world of the organization looks so differently from the floor than it does from above. In the N.F.L., the long snapper is . GELFAND: Ill just say that there are also other contexts where we naturally tighten. Whereas we usually describe a scent by saying something that it smells like.. employees in more than 50 countries. And heres one of the people who created the WEIRD designation. Hannah GADSBY: Have you ever noticed how Americans are not stupid? . Joe Henrich points out that even our religions are competitive. But thats only the first study. In the Germanic world, we have systems, which means that nothing stands alone. Am I really going to tell my kid how special they are about everything?. But no. Tightness may create compliance; but looseness can drive innovation and creativity. And in a restrained society, theres going to be suicide. Season 10, Episode 49. Thats what the Ultimatum experiments set out to find. You're stuck in a metal tube with hundreds of strangers (and strange smells), defying gravity and racing through the sky. The findings, published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, show that increasing socioeconomic development is an especially strong predictor of increasing individualistic practices and values . Groups that tend to have threat tend to develop stricter rules to coordinate. This carries over into many areas of society, including the labor market. All contents Freakonomics. The best thing you can become is yourself. Educated. And how does a scholar like Neal think about culture per se? According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better). Not just regular weird. This individualism has produced tremendous forward progress and entrepreneurial energy. And by the way, in that sense, the U.S.A. is also a huge laboratory of society formation, hopefully, which is by no means finished. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better). (This is part of theFreakonomics RadioAmerican Culture series). Here in the U.S., its actually a rule violation to call out people who are violating norms. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. And so you walk faster because you cant get everything you need done in your day and youre always trying to get to the next event. So if you ask people to judge the absolute lengths of two lines, people in more individualistic societies tend to get that right. GELFAND: Clinton went to negotiate to say, Hey, this is just totally inappropriate, this punishment. And the Singaporean governments reaction was, Look, this is our culture. Innovation requires coming up with a lot of ideas. High religiosity coupled with high individualism reveals another feature of American culture. So you can see that in an individualistic society, after becoming a world champion in a sport or certainly after winning a major war, people do not fight one another, but they admire one another. You can followFreakonomics RadioonApple Podcasts,Spotify,Stitcher, orwherever you get your podcasts. The second one measures whats called power distance. (Dont worry, well explain the name later.) So Hofstede the Elder began to amass a huge data set about the workplace experiences and preferences of tens of thousands of I.B.M. The book takes the form of six chapters. Multilevel Research of Human Systems: Flowers, Bouquets and Gardens, The Interaction Between National and Organizational Value Systems, 11 A. M. Sunday Is Our Most Segregated Hour,, The U.S. Is Just Different So Lets Stop Pretending Were Not (Ep. 47 min. HOFSTEDE: If I had been born in America, I would have liked it, probably, because I would have been used to it. Some researchers looked at these results and came up with a new label for humans in this context: Homo reciprocans. But the big C in my mind is very different than the little c.. Read the excerpt from Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner's Freakonomics. DUBNER: You sound very grateful that you were not born an American. It is what we got fed with our mothers milk and the porridge that our dad gave us. And in a collectivistic society, a person is like an atom in a crystal. 1, the most individualistic country in the world, 91 out of 100 on the Hofstede scale of individualism. Heres another example: HENRICH: People from more individualistic societies tend to focus on central objects. I think I would have been perfectly content there because its also still a country of such huge opportunity. Whereas if you have a state religion, it tends to get tired and old and boring. And I shifted from pre-med into what turned into a career of cross-cultural psychology. Episode 470 The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. If you plot the U.S. on G.D.P. HOFSTEDE: And this is before the 60s, before the 70s. In other places they dont think its a smart idea to be consistent. Heres how he describes himself these days. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. But Bush also wanted to avoid going to war with Iraq. We do this on vacations with my siblings. More feminine societies tend to have less poverty and higher literacy rates. You might think that someone who studies cross-cultural psychology also grew up abroad, or at least in some big city with a melting-pot vibe. Very soon, there will be an Institute of Gladwell Studies. The snob effect occurs when an individual's demand for a specific product increases when the number of units of that product other people purchase increases. Wade meant that these unwanted children were not being bornthus, they could not grow up to be criminals. But then she took a semester abroad, to London. Hes horrified by my dishwasher-loading behavior. 1-Page Summary 1-Page Book Summary of Freakonomics. NEAL: I think its helpful to think about culture in terms of a big C and a little c, the little c being those everyday things that we sometimes dont elevate to a level of culture. He was a professor in both the economics and psychology departments, which was weird in its own way lower-case weird since Henrich had never taken a course in either subject. The final dimension on the Hofstede model is called indulgence versus restraint. Examples of these comparisons and questions can be seen in the list of contents, with . Its part of our founding D.N.A. And they pass another fish, who says, Hey, boys, hows the water? And theyre like, What the heck is water?. And we found the full spectrum of variation. Freakonomics is therefore NOT the book that I would recommend to anyone interested in (a) learning economic theory, (b) learning about how economists think, or (c) understanding the world or thinking of ways to improve it. Mark Anthony Neal of Duke is not surprised that the U.S. scores relatively high on the masculinity scale. You have to pronounce it right. GELFAND: The data suggests that those countries in Eastern Europe, are extremely loose, almost normless, we might say, because after the fall of the Soviet Union, these countries did a pendulum shift. HOFSTEDE: So collectivistic cultures are those of the Amerindian empires. For example, we asked bank managers some years ago to look through scenarios of people violating organizational rules, like coming to work late, staying on the phone too long, maybe checking their email. By this time, Hofstede the Elder had already gotten a Ph.D. in social science. Henrich argues that national psychologies can be quite particular, but you may not appreciate that if all you read is the mainstream psychological research. So the picture that emerges from these findings is that Americans are less likely to conform in the name of social harmony; and we also treasure being consistent, expressing our true selves, regardless of the context. GELFAND: And that suggests that minorities, women, people of different sexual orientation, when they violate the same rule, might be held to higher accountability, to more strict punishment. Dubner speaks with Nobel laureates and provocateurs, intellectuals and entrepreneurs, and various other underachievers. NEWSCASTER: Wearing masks is a way of life now in Singapore. The U.S. is a pretty successful country, maybe the most successful country on many dimensions in the history of the world. Theyre threatened by that interdependence, and they want to assert their cultural identities. In our . The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism (Ep. Good on you, I say. Truth be told, I veer somewhat loose. The first: individualism versus collectivism. BERT: Ernie Ernie, dont eat those cookies while youre in your bed, huh? Its all the levels in the organization. That, again, is Mark Anthony Neal, from Duke. It was freedom from all these debilitating things because the state would be able to provide for you. Yes, other phenomena like how things smell to us. BROADCASTER: The subject denies the evidence of his own eyes and yields to group influence. For the last few months, the city-state has seen just a handful of Covid-19 cases. Comprising four main documentary segments, each made by a different director -- including Super Size Me's Morgan Spurlock, Taxi to the Dark Side's Alex Gibney, Why We Fight's Eugene Jarecki, and Jesus Camp's Heidi Ewing and Rachel Grady-- the film examines . Because if you try something new, you show to the people around you that you are an individual and you can make your own decisions. Out into the ocean where they were caught by people on jet skis. This paper examines the production of race on the Internet by examining the elements that make up the weblog Freakonomics: the topic, the environment, the medium, and the users. But then the experimenters confederates come in. To that end, the digital revolution is further shrinking the distance to power. In the U.S., it was freedom to do whatever the hell that you wanted to. The U.S. also has a small power distance 40 on a scale of 100, which puts it among the lowest in the world. GELFAND: We have a whole new map of the U.S. where we can actually rank-order the U.S. 50 states in terms of how much threat they have. Well go through the other five dimensions, much faster, I promise. Well call it The U.S. Is Very Different from Other Countries So Lets Stop Pretending Its Not. Its the first in a series of episodes where well look at different pieces of that difference. How much should we attribute that success to these very same factors that create chaos on other dimensions? HOFSTEDE: You have a democracy. As advertised!. SFU will never request our users provide or confirm their Computing ID or password via email or by going to any web site. I think those fundamental religious beliefs extend to the American view of what leadership should look like outside of the church in the corporation, in the legislatures, and what have you. DUBNER: So I have to say, Gert Jan, youve made me feel kind of terrible about being American today. Whereas looking away in a very egalitarian society is seen as a sign of deceptiveness. The authors seek to find simple answers to complicated world problems. Fascinated by the human in the system, he did a PhD in organizational behaviour. Based on the given excerpt above from Freakonomics, the claim that is supported by the evidence in this excerpt is that, The close relationship between sumo wrestlers could be an incentive for an elite wrestler to throw a match he doesn't need to win. I had been led to believe, by you, that you are as dumb as bricks. I dont want to be a doom thinker. employees. Individualistic countries tend to be richer, but as Hofstede the Elder once put it, The order of logic is not that individualism comes first. DUBNER: Im curious for advice on how we should balance weve become an economic powerhouse, and we recognize that there is a lot of benefit to that. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. You can never admit weakness or failure. The United States, you may not be surprised to learn, is on the loose end of the spectrum although not in the top five. And I think thats always going to be an ongoing tension this idea of America thats rooted in individualism, thats rooted in transactional practices. SFU users should ignore all messages requesting Computing ID and/or password information, no matter how authentic they may appear. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better). HENRICH: Im a researcher who tries to apply evolutionary theory to understand human behavior and human psychology and particularly culture. It's an unnatural activity that has become normal. We may not be the very loosest culture; but we are No. This does not mean that no one in a loose culture, like the U.S., is stigmatized or mistreated. But when you use data to measure the specific dimensions of a given culture, and compare them to other countries, you see some stark differences. HOFSTEDE: You are on the masculine side not at the very end, but more on the masculine side. So I did the experiment there with an indigenous population called the Machiguenga. So I have no doubt that his subjects really liked him. They want to be happy. I dont like to itch, Bert. The Aztec, the Inca, and todays Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, are very collectivistic. Loose cultures tend to be found in English-speaking countries as well as Latin-American, Latin-European, and formerly Communist cultures. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism (Ep. We should note that Bert and Ernie, despite their differences, are very dear friends! But it can make life harder for the millions of Americans who arent so entrepreneurial, or rugged, or individualistic. In a more masculine society, men and women adhere to the gender roles you might think of as patriarchal: fathers, for instance, take care of the facts, while mothers handle the emotions. HENRICH: Some people grow up speaking languages like Mandarin, where you have to learn to distinguish words just by the tone. We owe much of our freedom to that influence. We visit the world's busiest airport to see how it all comes together. But theres something else to be said about American culture. So, again, if you want to talk about Americans, youre okay. 470 Replay) Freakonomics Radio | Freakonomics Radio Publicit Annonce - 0 s 00:00 00:00 Suivant | propos Voir la description Freakonomics Radio. You can followFreakonomics RadioonApple Podcasts,Spotify,Stitcher, orwherever you get your podcasts. NEAL: As someone who specialized in the African-American experience, and is African-American myself, I often fall back on the way the late Amiri Baraka described Black culture as a changing same.. Now, lets pull back and make an important point: labeling a given country tight or loose is an overall, aggregate measurement. People get less interested. HENRICH: You want to be the same self, regardless of who youre talking to or what context youre in. So after we ran that first project, we redid the entire project, and we took concerns like the one Francisco had. Those are the upsides. U.S. President George H.W. Individualism is thought to be on the rise in Western countries, but new research suggests that increasing individualism may actually be a global phenomenon. In any case, heres how Gelfand breaks down the upsides and downsides of tight cultures. HENRICH: Because Americans and Westerners more generally are psychologically unusual from a global perspective. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertain. HENRICH: So Americans tend to be more work-obsessed than other people. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism (Replay) According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better). He takes on questions like: Why do kids with summer birthdays get the flu more often? On the more feminine end of the spectrum are the Scandinavian countries and some of Western Europe. He has written several books about what music and other pop culture has to say about the broader culture. We should be nice to one another. But when push comes to shove, most of the time it doesnt go that way. The incentives of just any regular person are greatly shown because money or personal gain can take over any man or woman no matter how old. Listen to this episode from Freakonomics Radio on Spotify. Because for all the so-called globalization of the past half-century or so, the U.S. still differs from other countries in many ways. Read the following excerpt from Levitt and Dubner's Freakonomics. International, and they were just starting international opinion surveys. (This is part of theFreakonomics RadioAmerican Culture series). Since his first study, many people have started to do similar studies. The U.S., according to this analysis, is comparatively a short-term country. Or more human-made threats, like how many times has your nation been invaded over the last 100 years? Now, California is a real interesting exception because it has a lot of threat. GELFAND: The next day, I booked a trip to Egypt. But heres the thing about culture: it can be really hard to measure. You had Woodstock, and youre going to have this kind of stuff happening again. Michele Gelfand and several co-authors recently published a study in The Lancet about how Covid played out in loose versus tight cultures. So, today on Freakonomics Radio: can we really build a model that explains why the American psyche is so unusual? Theres not going to be violent crime. Download Print. But everybody, of course, instinctively feels and should feel that their country, or whatever their tribe is, is the best in the world. The individual agents/brokers only take a $150 hit after their costs/fees. A. DUBNER: Although the U.S. is relatively high on suicide and homicide, so are we an outlier in that regard as well? This really contrasts with lots of places where there are legitimate traditional authorities and people tend to defer to those authorities. (That will also need some explaining.) Again, its worth repeating that no culture is a monolith. The people that came to New York early on, in the early 1800s, they were from all sorts of different cultural backgrounds. As a result, the needs of individuals dictate social behaviors, rather than the needs of larger groups. HOFSTEDE: And when he took the job in Lausanne, he found that the international group of pupils at his classes, if he asked them the same questions, came up with the same dimensions. Im a professor of artificial sociality at Wageningen University in the Netherlands. He wrote a paper about it. We look at how these traits affect . GELFAND: I was watching this negotiation between Tariq Aziz and James Baker. Neal sees a strong connection between U.S. masculinity and our appetite for work. Hence the term, the changing same. I think there are historical moments that are transcendent. DUBNER: So does all the data come from workplace interviews essentially of white-collar and pink-collar workers, or does it go broader than that? So that can be very beneficial. DUBNER: I remember once, years and years ago, when I was reading this research that you were doing, speaking with Francisco Gil-White, who was then at Penn, and he told me that when he was running this Ultimatum experiment, I dont remember where I want to say Mongolia. What was I.B.M. GELFAND: Sometimes people actually revert back into their cultural chambers. Also, the people who settled in different areas in the U.S. brought with them their own cultural norms and values, and set the stage for different levels of tight-loose within the nation. One of the most important figures in economic individualism is the famous Scottish economist, Adam Smith. We just need to do it. And you could have a perfect storm in that direction. Paperback - April 22, 2020. And also, of course, people listening to this: Make it happen, come on. We also realize that were a culture in distress in many, many, many ways. This is the flip side of the idea we started out with in this episode that is, why its hard for the U.S. to simply import successful policies from elsewhere. When they took out Mubarak, this went the opposite extreme to almost anomie, normlessness. thats always there. I do think that humanity as a whole is sort of evolving to being more reflective. Its like, Oh, my gosh, that is so amazing. I was feeling like I have to tell that to my kids as a good parent, training my kids to be vertical and individualistic. The other point is a reminder: Its good to be humble about our ability our inability, actually to predict how a given culture will change. She did want to measure culture, and how it differs from place to place. I was on the phone with my dad, and I said, You know, its really crazy, all the differences between the U.K. and the U.S.. Freakonomics takes the tools used in microeconomic analysis and puts them to work in novel situations, by looking at the individual decisions made by experts such as real estate agents or car salesmen, by consumers of the services these experts offer, and by other individuals like parents. Did you know there is an entire academic field called cross-cultural psychology? The answer to that is usually: no, you cant. Theyre longing for it. You could argue that Peppers owner is the one who isnt very disciplined. And thats because the vast majority of the research subjects are WEIRD. Then he tried a coffee can with a money slot in its plastic lid, which also proved too tempting. He veers tighter. Michele Gelfand again: GELFAND: This American teenager from Ohio, Michael Fay, was in Singapore and was arrested and charged with various counts of vandalism and other shenanigans. To become American and to be American is to be individual. The U.S. assembled a coalition of allies. Culturally maybe more than anything! Each and every person has individual reasons for pursuing a career, or goal. And if you get crumbs in your pajamas, theyll make you itch. I think the models dont account for that because you cant account for that, right? The best thing you can become is yourself. Youre going to be shut down. Q uite soon after the Freakonomics guys, Stephen J Dubner and Steven D Levitt, walk into their office on New York's Upper West Side for our interview, the scene resolves itself into the kind of . Freakonomics is a collaboration of authors Steven Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, journalists and winners of numerous awards. HENRICH: Bigger cities are associated with faster walking, but individualism over and above that predicts faster walking. HOFSTEDE: My name is Gert Jan Hofstede. And life is an adventure. Although it is more self-help than traditional economics it shares many of the weaknesses of more serious works in the discipline. President Bush had framed these negotiations as going an extra mile for peace.. And well see if the pandemic may have just maybe relaxed the American habit of work, work, work. We are acronymically WEIRD. Then you can have something very good happening. Freakonomics Radiois produced by Stitcher and Renbud Radio. We had a very tight social order. Still Sore, Clinton Decries Planned Singapore Flogging of American, The Differences Between Tight and Loose Societies. And the rest is history, if you like. And I think, Holy cow, Ukraine is surrounded by threat, including its next-door neighbor, Russia. That relationship has not been a constant, but that makes me a little suspicious. But some cultures strictly abide by their norms. HOFSTEDE: Well, if you want an honest answer, I think mainly our own curiosity. HOFSTEDE: Yes, of course. You can even see the evidence in the clocks that appear on city streets. HOFSTEDE: So youre asking about cultural convergence. The same experiment was done in other, non-WEIRD countries, like Ghana and Zimbabwe. Henrich and a couple of colleagues came up with the WEIRD label when he was teaching at the University of British Columbia. In Brazil and Greece, youre not entirely sure what time it is. Because when youre living inside a culture well, thats the culture you know; it is what it is. GELFAND: In the U.S., various newspapers covered the story. The Hofstede scale puts the U.S. at 62 out of 100 on masculinity relatively high but substantially less masculine than China, Mexico, and much of Eastern Europe. GELFAND: Weve had our share of threat, but just not chronic threat. The fourth original dimension was called uncertainty avoidance. This has to do with how comfortable people are with ambiguity. HENRICH: And the case I make is its been highly unsuccessful to just pick up institutions that evolved in Western societies and transport them to drop them in Africa or the Middle East or places like that, because there needs to be a fit between how people think about the world, their values, worldviews, motivations, and the affordances of the institution. Some of the measurable differences were a bit odd. HENRICH: We have a kind of religiosity equivalent to somewhere like Kuwait. Theyre more permissive. If you no longer even pretend to be one people and to be fair to all the citizens of your country, then youre not going down a road that leads to a great future. Its focus on individual behaviour also lends itself to a preoccupation with manipulating individual choices. All rights reserved. I do this for you and you do this for me. Folks who come from a collective standpoint where, I do this for you, but youre doing this for us thats a very, very different way of seeing the world. It's part of our founding D.N.A. DUBNER: Where is the loosest place in America? I came back to Colgate. When it was time for college, Gelfand went all the way to upstate New York: Colgate University. 470. Follow. And then you see how often the subject wants to go along with the other people, as opposed to give the answer they would give if they were by themselves. Or rugged, or individualistic happen, come on can followFreakonomics RadioonApple Podcasts, Spotify,,... Be seen in the world & # x27 ; s ( Extreme ) Individualism the empires! Had Woodstock, and youre going to tell my kid how special they are about?! Focus on individual behaviour also lends itself to a preoccupation with manipulating individual.! It shares many of the measurable differences were a culture in distress in many ways next day, think. Places where there are legitimate traditional authorities and people tend freakonomics individualism be consistent an outlier in regard... 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