For instance, if the charging party is from a particular Indian tribe located almost exclusively in a particular By way of rebuttal, CPs argued that R could cure that problem by installing all protected groups or classes. Investigation revealed nonuniform application of the tests. The reality of police work is that you are going to have to get physical with suspects, and you can't do that. Reasons for these minimum height standards are as varied as the employers, ranging from assumptions of public preferences for taller persons, to paternalistic notions regarding women, to assumptions that taller persons are physically to applicants for guard In terms of disparate treatment, the airlines' practice of more frequently and more severely disciplining females, as compared to males, for violating maximum weight restrictions was found to violate Title VII. Therefore, these courts have concluded that, as long as the different height/weight standards are not unreasonable in terms of medical considerations CP, a 6'7" male, applied but was rejected for a police officer position because he is over the maximum height. Andhra University 1st year question papers for B.Sc in Computers | Eligibility for admission in MSc paleontology? Dillmann is 1.615 meters tall - 1.5 centimeters too short. (Whether or not adverse impact can be found in this situation is d. improved educational opportunities. defense for use of the requirement since a reasonable alternative, e.g., use of platforms to compensate for difference in height, existed. Your are also quite skinny even for someone of your height. When that happens, the Office of Legal Counsel, Guidance Division should be contacted for assistance. demonstrating that the height requirement resulted in the selection of applicants in a significantly discriminatory pattern, i.e., 87% of all women, as compared to 20% of all men, were excluded. EOS should consult the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures at 29 C.F.R. information only on official, secure websites. In this case, a 5'7" male is being treated differently because of his sex or national origin if he is excluded because of failure to meet the height requirement since a because the physical ability/agility test disproportionately excludes large numbers of women and is not justified by business necessity. Employees or applicants of employers that receive federal grants should contact the granting agency. N.Y. 1978), a police department's application of different minimum height requirements for males as opposed to females was found to constitute sex discrimination. It also believed that it was in the females' best interest that they not be so employed. Succinctly stated by the court in Cox v. Delta Air CP, a female flight attendant discharged because of the policy, filed a charge alleging adverse impact based on sex. Fact situations may eventually be presented that must be addressed. constitutionally protected category." The minimum height for a female (of general category) & ST (not of SC or OBC) according to the physical criteria for IPS should be 150 cm. Height: 5'10" and over Weight: 135 to 230 pounds Female Air Force pilots must be 5'10" or taller AND weigh between 135 and 230 pounds. Members of the 155th trooper training class salute during . positions when considering Black applicants, while liberally granting exceptions when considering White applicants. Jarrell v. Eastern According to CPs, the standard height/weight charts are based on and reflect height and weight measurements of White females since they constitute the majority of the population, not Black females who 1607, there is a substantial difference and therefore better able to perform all the duties of the job. rejection of Black applicants based on an alleged policy of refusal to hire overweight persons was discriminatory. Discrimination results from nonuniform application of the requirements based on the applicant's race. Citizenship: A U.S. citizen or permanent resident with a valid Green Card. maximum weight in proportion to their height and body size based on standard height/weight charts. A slightly smaller range is not acceptable. race. To the extent reliable statistical studies are available, the comparison, depending on the facts of the case, should also be based on the height difference (b) The following information should be secured in documentary form, where available, from the respondent: (1) A written policy statement, or statement of practices involving use of height and weight requirements; (2) A breakdown of the employer's workforce showing protected Title VII status as it relates to use of height and weight requirements; (3) A statement of reasons or justifications for, or defenses to, use of height and weight requirements as they relate to actual job duties performed; (4) A determination of what the justification is based on, i.e., an outside evaluation, subjective assertions, observations of employees' job performance, etc. The Office of Legal Counsel, Guidance Division should therefore be contacted for assistance when charges based on this issue arise. The respondent can either establish a uniform height requirement that does not have an adverse impact based on race, sex, or This problem is treated in detail in 610, Adverse Impact in the Selection Process. discrimination against him because of his sex (male) because of national statistics which show that women are on average shorter than men. The statistics are in pamphlets Law enforcement officers perform physically demanding tasks that generally remain constant as they age. 14 (November 30, 1977). females than males since the average height for females is 63 inches, and the average height for males is 68.2 inches. as to preserve the charging parties' appeal rights, but without further investigation. The Office of Legal Counsel, Guidance Division should be contacted when it arises. Chest Expansion (1) Secure a detailed statement delineating exactly what kind of height and weight requirements are being used and how they are being used. In Blake v. City of Los Angeles, 595 F.2d 1367, 19 EPD 9251 (9th Cir. On a case-by-case 1607; and 610, Adverse Impact in the Selection Process, which is forthcoming.). In Commission Decision No. 131 M Street, NE exception. Example (2) - R, city bus company, had a 5'7" minimum height requirement for its drivers. (See Appendix I.). CP, an overweight Black female file clerk, applied and was rejected for a vacant receptionist position. On the other hand, and by way of contrast, charges which allege disproportionate exclusion of protected group or class members because their group or class weighs proportionally more than other groups or classes based on a nonchangeable, In many instances such as in Dothard v. Rawlinson, supra, minimum height/weight requirements are imposed because of their theoretical relationship to strength. Applicant flow data showing that large numbers of Hispanic applicants were hired was not determinative since many others were probably rejected because of the standard. It is changeable, it is controllable within age and medical limits, and it is not a trait peculiar to 80-5 (unpublished), the Commission found that there was not enough statistical data available to conclude that Black females, in contrast to White females whose weight is distributed differently, are disproportionately As R's maximum weight policy is applied only to females, the policy is discriminatory. Weight requirements for Navy positions are enforced. For further guidance in analyzing charges of disparate treatment, the EOS should refer to 604, Theories of Discrimination. Dothard Court emphasized that respondents cannot rely on unfounded, generalized assertions about strength to establish a business necessity defense for use of minimum weight requirements. 1982), vacating in part panel opinion in, 648 F.2d 1223, 26 EPD 31,921 (9th Cir. 3. Because of potential discouragement when height/weight requirements are imposed by establish a business necessity defense. Harless v. Duck, 619 F.2d 611, 22 EPD 30,871 (6th Cir. For many types of jobs minimum height standards have been established by employers. females and 88% of Hispanics were excluded. CP, a female who passed the wall, but not the sandbag requirement, filed a charge alleging sex discrimination The court found as a matter of law that In that case the plaintiff, a flight attendant suspended from active duty because she exceeded the maximum allowable weight limit for her height, contended that she was being discriminated against because Reference can be made to general principles of adverse impact analysis and analogies can be drawn to court cases. This guidance document was issued upon approval by vote of the U.S. non-CDP; therefore, the Office of Legal Counsel, Guidance Division should be contacted.). Example (2) - R, airlines, has a maximum 6'5" height requirement for pilots. CP alleged that the denial was based on her race, not on her height, because R hired other applicants under 5'8" tall. ), In terms of processing maximum weight requirements, since some courts have concluded that weight, in the sense of being overweight, is not an immutable characteristic, i.e., it is changeable and is subject to one's control (see Example 1 Example (1) - R, a police department, formerly screened job applicants by strict adherence to proportional minimum height/weight requirements under the assumption that tall, well-built officers were physically stronger and She alleged in her class action suit that the minimum requirements principle is applicable to charges involving maximum height requirements. Over a two-year period 1 male and 15 females were discharged for failing to maintain the proper weight. (c) National statistics on height and weight obtained from the United States Department of Health and Welfare: National Center for Health Statistics are attached. The EOS should also be aware that in many instances reliable statistical analyses may not be available. In Dothard v. Rawlinson, supra and Meadows v. Ford Motor Co., 62 FRD 98, 5 EPD 8468 (D.C. Ky. 1973), the respondent was unable to show the existence of a valid relationship between its minimum weight requirement and Example (1) - Weight as Mutable Characteristic - R, an airline, has a policy under which male and female flight attendants are required to maintain their weight in proportion to their height based on national height/weight The EOS should also refer to the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures which are reprinted as an appendix to 610. Example (2) - R, police department, had a minimum height requirement for females but not for males because it did not believe females, as opposed to males, under 5'8" could safely and efficiently perform all the duties of a The imposition of such tests may result in the exclusion Practices Guide 6661, the Commission looked at national statistics and the fact that all of respondent's police officers were male and concluded that the respondent's minimum 5'9", 145 lbs., requirement disproportionately impacted against subject to the employees' personal control. Example (1) - R, police department, had a minimum 5'6" height requirement for police officer candidates. And, if a job validity study is used to show that the practice is a business necessity, the validity study should include a determination of whether there are The U.S. Capitol Police (USCP) combine the above and add a height/weight requirement. (iv) Dothard v. Rawlinson - In Dothard v. Rawlinson, 433 U.S. 321, 14 EPD 7632 (1977), the Supreme Court was faced with a challenge by a rejected female applicant for a Correctional Impliedly, taller, heavier people are also physically stronger The Supreme Court in Dothard v. statutes. discrimination because weight in the sense of being over or under weight is neither an immutable characteristic nor a constitutionally protected category. In such a case, statistics for both Asians (since Asian women are presumably not as tall as Asian men) and women employees even though the labor market area from which it chose its employees was 14% Chinese. Guide 6634; and Commission Decision No. The physical agility test, as designed, primarily measured upper body strength thereby disproportionately excluding large numbers of female applicants. constitute a business necessity defense. In Commission Decision No. Additionally, where the numbers are very small, even though national statistics are used, the test of minimum weight standards for different group or class members because of their protected status or nonuniform application of the same minimum weight standard can, absent a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its use, result in prohibited Frequently Asked Questions. c. diminished community resistance. Applicants must be between 60 and 80 inches in height, and be between 18 and 39 years of age. The employer failed to meet this burden. even if all functions of a police officer did require such force, a physical aptitude test is a more appropriate means of assessing candidate suitability, rather than relying on height (or age); and; up to 2003, Greek law imposed different height requirements for men and women seeking entry to the Police. However, such comparisons are simply unfounded. (The issue of whether adverse impact a. escalating numbers of officer resignations. To buttress this argument, they introduced statistics showing that on a national basis, while only 3% of Black or White males were excluded by the 5'6" requirement, 87% of In addition to physiological differences, arguments have been advanced that weight is not an immutable characteristic (see 621.5(a)) and that policies based on personal appearance (see 619, Grooming Standards) do not result in impact in the selection process, when analyzing height/weight requirements. The employer, if it wants to retain the requirements, must show that they constitute a business (See 604, Theories of Discrimination.) 76-132, CCH Employment Practices Guide 6694, the Commission found that a prima facie case of sex discrimination resulting from application of minimum height requirements was not rebutted by a state or have anything to say? 1-844-234-5122 (ASL Video Phone), Call 1-800-669-4000 Although the problem of maximum weight limitations arises in other contexts (see the examples below), it is most frequently encountered when dealing with airline respondents. likely be disproportionately excluded as compared to their actual numbers in the population. 70-140, CCH EEOC Decisions (1973) 6067, which alleged disparate treatment, reliance on a policy against hiring overweight applicants was found to be a pretext for racial discrimination as only Black applicants (i) Use of National Statistics - In dealing with height and weight requirements it may not in many cases be appropriate to rely upon an actual applicant flow analysis to determine if women For instance, in U.S. v. Lee Way Motor Freight Inc., 7 EPD 9066 (D.C. Okla. 1973), the respondent, a trucking company, strictly applied its height and weight requirements for driver sandbag up a flight of stairs and scale a 14-foot log wall. course be less. The following table of height and weight is to be adhered to in all instances except where a particularly unusual situation is found and is documented by a special report of the examining physician. 670, 20 EPD 30,077 (D.C. Md. Once in the service, reservists must meet height, weight and body fat standards. Only when it can be determined as a matter of law that it is a question of weight as a mutable characteristic as in the Cox, supra type situation presented in Examples 1 and 3 above should further processing cease; otherwise as in I became one of the first paramedics in . As a result, argues CP, standard height/weight limits disproportionately exclude Black females, as opposed to White females, from flight attendant positions. According to the United States Army official site for recruiting, the height range for recruits starts at 5'0 and ends at 6'8 for men and 4'10 to 6'8 for women. women passed the wall requirement, and none passed the sandbag requirement. was not overweight, there was no other evidence R discriminated based on a person's protected Title VII status, and all the receptionists met R's maximum weight requirements. similarly situated 5'7" female or Hispanic would not be excluded. An adverse impact analysis does not require the proving of intent, but rather it focuses on the effects discriminated on the basis of sex because large numbers of females were automatically excluded from consideration. Instead, charging parties can females. 54 The defendants responded that height and weight requirements "have a relationship to strength, . In Commission Decision No. The following are merely suggested areas of inquiry for the EOS to aid in his/her analysis and investigation of charges alleging discriminatory use of height and weight requirements. In the 1977 Dothard v. Rawlinson case, the plaintiffs showed that the height and weight requirements excluded more than 40 percent of women and less than 10 percent of men. opposed to males. R's 76-45, CCH Employment Practices alternatives that have less of an adverse impact. In Example 2 above, the allegation is that weight, in the sense of Black females weighing more than White females, is a trait peculiar to a particular race. Except for a fact situation like the one suggested in 621.3(a) above, it is unlikely that a charging party will be able to establish that his protected group or class is on average taller than other groups or classes and For a determination of whether the 4/5ths or 80% rule test, as opposed to the test of statistical or practical significance, can be used when dealing with height/weight requirements and a requirements. That court left open the question of whether discrimination can occur where women are forced to resort to "diuretics, diet pills, and crash dieting" to meet disparate weight requirements. because of his race (Black). The policy was not uniformly applied. Example - R had a hiring policy that precluded hiring overweight persons as receptionists. Since there is little likelihood, except rarely, that height and weight characteristics will vary based on a particular locale or region of the nation, national statistics can be relied upon to show evidence of adverse Minimum height requirements can also result in disparate treatment of protected group or class members if the minimum requirements are not uniformly applied, e.g., where the employer applies a minimum 5'8" height requirement strictly to . Otherwise stated, if the allegation is that women as a class are, based on statistics, more frequently overweight than men, this charge should be dismissed in such a manner Therefore, R is discriminating by nonuniform application of its minimum height policy. Additionally, the respondent failed to establish a business necessity ability/agility test. strength necessary to successfully perform the job. The study found that just over 50 percent of the countries of the European Union defined minimum-height requirements for police officers; however, there was significant variation in these requirements. Additionally, as height, as well as weight, problems in the extreme may potentially constitute a handicap, the EOS should be aware of the need to make charging parties or potential charging parties aware of their right to proceed under other In the early 1900s, policewomen were often called _____ and were employed to bring order and assistance to the lives of women and children. standards for female as opposed to similarly situated male employees. Investigation revealed that R's reason for the weight requirement was public preference for shapely females in public contact positions. Accord Horace v. City of Pontiac, 624 F.2d 765, 23 EPD 31,069 (6th Cir. Washington, DC 20507 Recruitment of minorities is more important now more than ever because __________. R indicated that it felt males of any height could perform the job but that shorter females would not get the respect necessary to enable them to safely perform the job. for males, was discriminatory. Unlike minimum height requirements where setting different standards has been found to They did not fairly and substantially relate to the performance of the duties of a police Physical standards to become an RCMP officer. R alleges that its concern for the and minorities have been disproportionately excluded. The height and weight statistical studies in Appendix I, for example, only show differences based on sex, age, and race. The Court found that imposition Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Investigation revealed that R had no Black assembly line workers and that a with discrimination based on sex, national origin, and to a lesser extent, race. 70-140, CCH EEOC Decisions (1973) 6067, where prima facie case without a showing of discriminatory intent. The respondent did not show the existence of a valid relationship between strength and weight. Example (2) - R, an airline, has a maximum weight policy under which violators are disciplined and can be discharged. of the employment policy or practice. These jobs include police officers, state troopers, flight attendants, lifeguards, firefighters, correctional officers, and even production workers and lab When law enforcement agencies started recruiting women and racial/ethnic minorities for general police service, the height requirements had to go, as there just aren't a lot of women and some minorities who are over 59. Close A related body of scholarship also suggests that, on average, female police officers are more adept at avoiding violent confrontations in the first instance. The policy is not applied to sales agents or pursers for first class passengers who are all male. (since Asian women are presumably not as tall as American women) may not be applicable. R's employ even though females constituted the largest percentage of potential employees in the SMSA from which R recruited. Many height statutes for employees such as police officers, state troopers, firefighters, correctional counselors, flight attendants, and pilots contain height ranges, e.g., 5'6" to 6'5". Air Lines Inc., 430 F. Supp. 3 (November 19, 1976), and No. proportional, minimum height/weight standards are considered a predictor or measure of physical strength, as opposed to the ability to lift a certain specific minimum weight. Lift and drag a 165-pound mannequin 40 feet 4. In Commission Decision No. 1-800-669-6820 (TTY) (ii) If there are witnesses get their statements. Labor, Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs. The general provisions of Title VII prohibiting discrimination have a direct and obvious application where the selection criteria include height or weight requirements. A candidate's physical ability is determined by taking the Physical Ability Test. suggested that, even if the quality was found to be job related, a validated test which directly measures strength could be devised and adopted. Fla. 1976), aff'd, 14 EPD 7601 (5th Cir. Investigation revealed evidence supporting CP's contention and that R had no Chinese The minimum age requirement for a police officer is between 18-21 years of age. The EOS would therefore have to determine whether there are statistics showing disproportionate exclusion of the charging party's group as a result of a neutral rule or policy. Thereafter, to ultimately prevail, the charging party would have to show the availability of less restrictive alternatives. The physical strength requirements discussed here involve situations where 192 192 See Amie M. Schuck, . 1980).). The EOS can rely on a traditional disparate treatment analysis such as that suggested in 604, Theories of Discrimination, to solve these problems. (See the examples in 621.3(a), above.). For example, even though there In this case, the height and weight characteristics vary based on the particular requirement. the strength necessary to perform the job in order to prove a business necessity defense. Investigation revealed that R did in fact accept and train Whites Experts from Military.com explain that males can weigh a maximum of 141 pounds at 60 inches, 191 pounds at 70 inches . CP, a Hispanic who failed the tests, alleges national origin discrimination in that Anglos are permitted to pass despite how they actually perform on the test. resolve such charges and as a guide to drafting the LOD. 884, 17 EPD 8462 (E.D. It is nonetheless conceivable that charges could be brought challenging a maximum height requirement as discriminatory. accorded Black males versus Black females); and 621.1(b)(2)(i) (where appropriate use of national statistics is discussed).). 1976). 76-31, CCH Employment Practices Guide 6624, the Commission found no evidence of adverse impact against females with respect to a bare unsupported allegation of job denial based on sex, because of a minimum height Example (3) - State Troopers - As with police departments, applying minimum size requirements to applicants for state trooper jobs violates Title VII, unless the respondent can establish that the requirements are necessary Failure to meet the pre-set weight limits results in an initial failure to hire, and once hired consistent failure to meet weight limits results females, not the males, to be "shapely". necessity without which the business could not safely and efficiently be performed. b. the media's portrayal of law enforcement officers. 1980), and Vanguard Justice Society Inc. v. Hughes, 471 F. Supp. The Court found that this showing of adverse impact based on national statistics was adequate to enable her to establish a prima facie case of sex discrimination. Examples 2 and 4 above processing should continue. (Where other than public contact positions are involved, than their shorter, lighter counterparts. Officers for Justice v. Civil Service Commission, 335 F. Supp. Flight attendants found in violation of the policy three times are discharged. (a) The EOS should secure the following information from the charging party in documentary form, where it is available. according to its statutory mandate the municipal police training council established physical standards for male and female officers. In Commission Decision No. Another problem the EOS might encounter is that the charge is filed by members of a "subclass," e.g., Asian women. The Gerdom v. Continental Air Lines Inc., 692 F.2d 602, 30 EPD 33,156 (9th Cir. The height/weight standards can be found below. 7601 (5th Cir. 71-2643, CCH EEOC Decisions (1973) 6286; and Commission Decision No. b. the media's portrayal of law enforcement officers. substantial number of R's existing employees and new hires were under 5'8" tall. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. and ability to comply, are consistent with accepted medical notions of good health, and exemptions are available for those medically unable to comply, the use of different standards does not result in prohibited discrimination. Employees or applicants of employers that are recipients of federal contracts should contact the United States Department of 1-800-669-6820 (TTY) The respondent must consider individual abilities and capabilities. Accordingly, Selection Procedures at 29 C.F.R. The EOS should therefore refer to the decisions and examples set out in the following section for guidance. In terms of an adverse impact analysis, the Court in Dothard v. Rawlinson looked at national statistics showing that the minimum 120-pound weight requirement would exclude 22.29% of females, as compared to only 2.35% of males. Find your nearest EEOC office 71-1418, CCH EEOC Decisions (1973) 6223. impact, respecting actual representation of Black or Hispanic females in the employer's workforce. and over possessed the physical reliance on the standard charts although neutral on its face nonetheless results in their disproportionate exclusion from employment, as opposed to White females whose proportional weight the charts were intended to measure. In order to prove a business necessity ability/agility test Employment Practices alternatives that have less of adverse. Also believed that it was in the population provisions of Title VII prohibiting discrimination have a direct obvious. Involve situations where 192 192 See Amie M. Schuck, a showing of discriminatory.. 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