[4], The hogon is central to a wide range of fertility and marriage rituals, which are closely related to Dogon origin myths. "[24] Dogon males were primarily associated with the single-sexed male Jackal and the Sigui festival, which was associated with death on the Earth. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books B.V. This problem has been solved! This custom is repeated over and over, throughout a Dogon village, all day. The problem of "twin births" versus "single births", or androgyny versus single-sexed beings, was said to contribute to a disorder at the beginning of time. Social Control. In a recent overview of the NigerCongo family, Dogon is treated as an independent branch.[3]. One example: 'If a Sirius-C is ever discovered and found to be a red dwarf, I will conclude that the Dogon information has been fully validated. & E.I.K. Durieux-Boon (2004). Thought to have originated as a method to unite and keep peace among Dogon villages, the 'sigi' involves all members of the Dogon people. ETHNONYMS: Kareang, Kariang, Kayin, Pwo, Sgaw, Yang Masques dogons. Linguistic Affiliation. The fundamental unit of Dogon social organization is the patrilineage, or ginna. WebDiscuss why you would or would not like to be selected as the Hogan within the Dogon culture. The development of tourism in the Dogon Country and the Hombori Mountains (Mali) . How the Dogon Preserved Their Unique Culture Along The Cliff Monogamy is the major form of marriage, although nonsororal polygyny with a limit of two wives is permitted. Translation of 5,500-Year-Old Babel Text from China Reveals Oldest Known Map of Inner Solar System, The Gristhorpe Man: A Bronze Age Skeleton with a Story to Tell, 3: The Perfect Number - Trinity Symbolism in World Religious Traditions, Evidence that Noahs Ark Landed on a Mountain 17 Miles South of Ararat, The origins of human beings according to ancient Sumerian texts, The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, Library in Stone: The Ica Stones of Professor Cabrera Part I, Two Sides to Every Story: The North American Martyrs Shrines and Indigenous/ Roman Catholic Relations, The Origins of the Faeries: Encoded in our Cultures Part I, Curse of the Buried Pearl: The Hunt for Ancient Treasures Part I, The Enigma of the Shugborough Inscription, The Dogons Extraordinary Knowledge of the Cosmos and the Cult of Nommo, Those Who Once Reigned: Experts Name Famous and Forgotten Ancient Gods, The Legend of How Mansa Abu Bakr II of Mali Gave up the Throne to Explore the Atlantic Ocean, https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=084681896, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/dogon-cultureprofane-and-arcane/47CD44EC412C57D64B141529BD52F19B, https://journals.openedition.org/articulo/417, Petra Historic World Heritage Site Blasted By Flash Floods, The Classical Gardens of Suzhou: A Sight to Behold, Denizens of South Africas Cradle of Humankind: The First Walking Apes, The Unfinished Timurid Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, The Magnificent Citadel of Erbil - A True Archaeological Sandwich, Kunta Kinteh - The African Island at the Heart of the Slave Trade. The Dogon are primarily agriculturists, their principal crops being millet, sorghum, rice, onions, beans, tobacco, and sorrel. WebAlthough the Dogon recognize the creator god Amma as the Supreme Being and address prayers and sacrifices to him, the core set of beliefs and practices focuses on ancestor The wet season begins in June and continues through October, with cool and hot dry seasons the remainder of the year. The population numbers between 400,000 and 800,000. Ritual dance of Dogon County (Gleeson, G / CC BY 2.0 ). Members of these castes are physically separate from the rest of the village and live either at the village edge or outside of it entirely. [22] They were primarily symbolized by the sun, which was a female symbol in the religion. [40] In late 1946, Griaule spent a consecutive 33 days in conversations with the Dogon wiseman Ogotemmeli, the source of much of Griaule and Germaine Dieterlen's future publications. According to Shawn R. Davis, this particular ritual incorporates the elements of the yingim and the danyim. The increase in the number of visitors to the area in recent years has done wonders for tourism, but has sadly damaged the environment and this special cultural landscape. A younger brother is first in line to inherit all collective property, followed by the eldest son. Another minority practices Christianity. Starting in the northeastern part of Dogon territory, each village takes turns celebrating and hosting elaborate feasts, ceremonies, and festivities. 'We have in the Dogon information a predictive mechanism which it is our duty to test, regardless of our preconceptions.' The dama consists of an event, known as the Halic, that is held immediately after the death of a person and lasts for one day (Davis, 68). Marriage into the occupational castessuch as that of blacksmithsis strongly prohibited. ); Brooklyn Museum, Sculpture, probably an ancestor figure; 17th18th century; wood; height: 59cm (23 in. Demography. While the castes are correlated to profession, membership is determined by birth. There are twelve categories of disease considered treatable, each with its own specific healer who has special knowledge of the specific plant that will bring about a cure. Also regional and dialect group names: Chinbok, Chinbon, Dai, Kuku, Lai (s, Karen In addition, men tend the livestock, hunt, and clear and fertilize the fields, whereas women collaborate in sowing, weeding, and harvesting the grain and in raising seasonal crops such as onions. Succession to office is patrilineal (by younger brother). Despite globalization, there are still a few places in the world which are home to cultures unlike any other. Paris: ditions Domat-Montchrestien, F. Loviton. There are two endogamous castes in Dogon society: the smiths and the leather-workers. [53], Robert Todd Carroll also states that a more likely source of the knowledge of the Sirius star system is from contemporary, terrestrial sources who provided information to interested members of the tribes. Although some Dogon accepted the new regime, many strongly opposed and resisted it for many years. Each Dogon village may differ in the designs of the masks used in the dama ritual. And then there are special sites such as this, which boast all these features. [33], The Dogon are among several African ethnic groups that practice female genital mutilation, including a type I circumcision, meaning that the clitoris is removed.[34]. Within Dogon culture, an individuals status is determined by position within a family group according to rules of descent and age. ." Two of the most specialized craftsleather- and ironworkingare restricted exclusively to members of a craft caste. [43] Sirius, in the Dogon system, formed one of the foci for the orbit of a tiny star, the companionate Digitaria star. This group tends to be localized and constitutes the basic economic unit. The Dogon dialects are highly distinct from one another and many varieties are not mutually intelligible, actually amounting to some 12 dialects and 50 sub-dialects. Ancient Chinese Earthquake Detector Invented 2,000 Years Ago Really Worked! The Dogon are a group of about 250,000 people who live primarily in the districts of Bandiagara and Douentza in the western African nation of Mali. [citation needed] After a couple has had children together, divorce is a rare and serious matter, and it requires the participation of the whole village. Marriage. 150,000-Year-Old Pipes Baffle Scientists in China: Out of Place in Time? WebThe Hogon must live alone in his house. In his dress and behaviour the hogon symbolizes the Dogon myth of creation, to which the Dogon relate much of their social organization and culture. Similarly each village may have their own way of performing the dama rituals. [15] These jihadic expeditions formed themselves to force the Dogon to abandon their traditional religious beliefs for Islam. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. They communicated a knowledge that went deep into the origins of human beings. Not on view. The hogon is always a man. Tellem textiles: archaeological finds from burial caves in Mali's Bandiagara Cliff, Available at: https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=084681896, Douglas, M. (1968). The birth of human twins was celebrated in the Dogon culture in Griaule's day because it recalled the "fabulous past, when all beings came into existence in twos, symbols of the balance between humans and the divine". He was eaten by another nommo, and their spirits merged; the nommo vomited out a new Lebe (part human and part spiritual), plus copious liquid which shaped the landscape.[7]. Kado), a Fulbe word meaning "stranger" or "pagan.". 15th19th century. ); from Mali, Figure of a kneeling woman; circa 1500; wood; height: 35.2cm (1378 in. The other factor influencing their choice of settlement location was access to water. "[46], More recently, doubts have been raised about the validity of Griaule and Dieterlen's work. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Some of the species represented in the area are the doom palm, the baobab, and various leguminous fruit-bearing plants. After initiation, he wears a red cap, and a pearl bracelet. . Because of his solitary state, the first son of God acted as he did. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Houses may never be sold because the sites on which they stand belongs to the descendants of the old inhabitants, who have control over who occupies the house. Other authors have argued that previous 20th-century European visitors to the Dogon are a far more plausible source of such information and dispute whether Griaule's account accurately describes Dogon myths at all. The leather-workers engage in significant trade with other ethnic groups and accumulate wealth. The Dogon also believe in various malevolent and benevolent spirits who populate the bush, trees, and uninhabited places. Associated with regeneration Whether on the high plateau, the cliff-faces, or on the plain, the Dogon have exploited all the elements available to build their villages that reflect their ingenuity and their philosophy of life and death. In certain cultural areas, the Dogon villages comprise numerous granaries, for the most part square with a thatched tapering roof. Damas that are still performed today are not usually performed for their original intent, but instead are performed for tourists interested in the Dogon way of life. Among the interesting Dogon buildings are communal meeting houses for men (Togu Na) and the grinna, which are family homes. Social Organization. Dogon damas include the use of many masks, which they wore by securing them in their teeth, and statuettes. Explanation. Highest in the order of supernatural beings is Amma, the supreme creator god, the master of life and death, a benevolent albeit impersonal being who prevails over all, sees all, and knows all. Each village celebrates for around a year before the 'sigi' moves to the next village. Africa, 38(1), 16-25, Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/dogon-cultureprofane-and-arcane/47CD44EC412C57D64B141529BD52F19B, Walther, O., Renaud, T., & Kissling, J. [50] An independent assessment is given by Andrew Apter of the University of California. It is truly one of the most impressive regions in Sub-Saharan Africa . At this time, new masks are carved and dedicated to the ancestors. Dogon insecurity in the face of these historical pressures caused them to locate their villages in defensible positions along the walls of the escarpment. Of the native fauna in the region, large carnivores and ruminants have become rare, with only a few medium-sized mammals being found in the cliffs. Kanaga mask in three pieces; 20th century; 108 x 59.1 x 22.9cm (42.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}12 x 2314 x 9 in); Brooklyn Museum (New York City), Person wearing a Walu mask, based on an antelope, Figure of a seated musician (koro player); late 18th century; 55.8 x 17.7 x 10.8cm (22 x 7 x 414 in. I have written a book and several peer reviewed journal articles. WebIn this short article, the authors present a brief and clear-cut account of the relationship between the Dogon cosmogony and their social organization in terms of a discussion of I have lived nearby and visited Dogon country. In the event of a divorce, the woman takes only the youngest child with her, and the rest remain as a part of the husband's household. The Chilling Mystery of the Octavius Ghost Ship, What is a Wendigo? The village of Songho has a circumcision cave ornamented with red and white rock paintings of animals and plants. The household is usually an extended family consisting of both nuclear and polygynous units. Caste boys do not get circumcised.[31]. [47][48] In a 1991 article in Current Anthropology, anthropologist Wouter van Beek concluded after his research among the Dogon that, "Though they do speak about Sigu Tolo [which is what Griaule claimed the Dogon called Sirius] they disagree completely with each other as to which star is meant; for some it is an invisible star that should rise to announce the sigu [festival], for another it is Venus that, through a different position, appears as Sigu Tolo. A hogon is a religious figure as well as a temporal authority;[1] the hogon may be hereditary or may be chosen from among the village elderscustom varies from place to place. In 1912 a school was established for them in Sanga, followed by a Christian mission in the 1930s, and later a medical dispensary. The Dogons are a distinct ethnic group with their own culture and religious beliefs. Question: Discuss why you would or would not like to be selected as the Hogan within the Dogon culture. Ogotemmeli taught Griaule the religious stories in the same way that Ogotemmeli had learned them from his father and grandfather; oral instruction which he had learned over the course of more than twenty years. All initiated Dogon men participate in Awa, with the exception of some caste members. Heaven on Earth? [3], The Dogon are best known for their religious traditions, their mask dances, wooden sculpture, and their architecture. Or, were the Romans protecting something even more valuable than silver? (February 23, 2023). ', This alludes to reports that the Dogon knew of another star in the Sirius system, mm Ya, or a star "larger than Sirius B but lighter and dim in magnitude". When a woman leaves her husband, she takes with her only the youngest childthe remaining children stay with the husband's family. Other fauna include crocodiles (in the swampy areas on the plain), reptiles, monkeys, guenons, guinea hens, hyenas, foxes, panthers, rabbits, and small rodents. Another example is the custom of elaborate greetings whenever one Dogon meets another. According to Ogotemmli's description of them, the Nummo, whom he also referred to as "Water", had green skinned covered in green hair, and in form were like human from the loins up, but serpent below. [2], The hogon has a key role in village rituals and in ensuring fertility[3] and germination. In a polygynous marriage, the wives reside in separate houses within the husband's compound. Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? Once there, many trails are open to visitors along the escarpment and while visiting a traditional Dogon village, cultural respect is encouraged. Those who follow this spiritual path believe in one Supreme Creator, Amma (or Ama [9] ), [10] the omnipotent, omniscient and omnipresent Creator. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. The key spiritual figures in the religion were the Nummo/Nommo twins. AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. Prior to the birth of the first child, the wife lives at the home of her parents, while her husband continues to reside in the bachelor quarters where he has lived from the age of 8 to 10. About 1,500 ethnic Dogon in seven villages in southern Mali speak the Bangime language, which is unrelated to the other Dogon languages and presumed by linguists to be an ancient, pre-Dogon language isolate, although a minority of linguists (most notably Roger Blench) hypothesise that it may be related to Proto-Nilo-Saharan.[38]. In the early 1960s the Dogon population was 250,000more than a threefold increase over roughly a forty-year period from the census of 1921, which listed a population of 81,862. Since the late 20th century, the Dogon have developed peaceful trading relationships with other societies and have thereby increased variety in their diets. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Beierle, John "Dogon In Dogon Each large district has a hogon, or spiritual leader, and there is a supreme hogon for the whole country. In his dress and behaviour the hogon symbolizes the Dogon myth of creation, to which the Dogon relate much of their social organization and culture. Formally, wives join their husband's household only after the birth of their first child. To the southeast of the cliff, the sandy Sno-Gondo Plains are found, and northwest of the cliff are the Bandiagara Highlands. Griaule encouraged the construction of a dam near Sangha and persuaded the Dogon to cultivate onions. The hogon is always a man. Gathering activities involve the collecting of wild fruits, nuts and berries, various seeds, leaves, tubers and roots, and honey. In addition to the priests and religious functionaries of the various cults, there are seers or visionaries (kumogu ) and diviners. Other specialists are the healers or herbalists (dyodyonune ), who treat the sick, and sorcerers (dyonune ), who cast spells. Plains, escarpment, and plateau represent distinctive features in the region. The traditional dama consists of a masquerade intended to lead the souls of the departed to their final resting places, through a series of ritual dances and rites. [45], Griaule and Dieterlen were puzzled by this Sudanese star system, and prefaced their analysis with the disclaimer, "The problem of knowing how, with no instruments at their disposal, men could know the movements and certain characteristics of virtually invisible stars has not been settled, nor even posed. Other crops include sesame, maize, ); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City). Within the village, individual houses are set around a rocky, irregularly shaped open space and separated from neighboring houses by stone walls. The district headman is also head of his lineage and occupies the "great house" (ginna) of that kin group. Due to the expense, the second traditional funeral rituals, or "damas", are becoming very rare. In 1995, gravitational studies indeed showed the possible presence of a brown dwarf star orbiting around Sirius (a Sirius-C) with a six-year orbital period. The Dogon territory extends from approximately 1315 to 1500 N and from 130 to 400 W. The population is concentrated in some 300 villages along a 145-kilometer stretch of escarpment called the Cliffs of Bandiagara. The Awa is a masked dance society that holds ritual and social importance. These events are held annually to honor the elders who have died since the last Dama. [12] See also [ edit] Pangool Mand creation myth Samay (mythology) Zin (water spirits) Traditional African religion portal Mali portal References [ edit] ETHNONYM: Panjabi The Iraqi city of Erbil is truly magnificent - and in many ways. [2] They speak the Dogon languages, which are considered to constitute an independent branch of the NigerCongo language family, meaning that they are not closely related to any other languages. Another 10% practices Christianity. It contained only about a quarter of the full vocabulary of "Dogo so", the Dogon language. [23] They were symbolized by the colour red, a female symbol. "[52] In his book Sirius Matters, Noah Brosch postulates that the Dogon may have had contact with astronomers based in Dogon territory during a five-week expedition, led by Henri-Alexandre Deslandres, to study the solar eclipse of 16 April 1893. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Orientation, Kota The economy of the Sangha region has doubled since then, and its onions are sold as far as the market of Bamako and those of the Ivory Coast. Each village is composed of one main lineage (occasionally, multiple lineages make up a single village) traced through the male line. Religious Beliefs. The yingim and the danyim rituals each last a few days. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Morton, Robert (ed.) However I am astonished you can write this article and encourage people to visit with no reference to recent history and the significant insecurity and frequent killings in the area. Nobody should touch the hogon. Pern, Stephen (1982). According to this oral tradition, the first Dogon settlement was established in the extreme southwest of the escarpment at Kani-Na. Today, at least 35% of the Dogon practice Islam. Each isolated village or district (canton) in the region has a headman or chief (hogon) who has both religious and judicial responsibilities. Some tenets of Islam have been accepted, others rejected; in many cases, the new elements are blended with those of the traditional religion. Identification. Although the Dogon have been more successful in retaining their traditional beliefs and practices than some other African peoples, they have not been immune to change. The most ancient dialects are dyamsay and tombo, the former being most frequently used for traditional prayers and ritual chants. The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi is a monument in Turkestan, a city in southern Kazakhstan. The first occurs immediately after the death of a person, and the second can occur years after the death. (2008). Fruit trees are valued possessions, and although they may be sold, the previous owner reserves the ownership of the field in which they are planted for his own use. Elaborate ceremonial stools of this kind were owned by the hogon, the supreme religious and political leader in each The binou, which is usually in animal form serves as a representation of the ancestor. Orientation Hogon live alone and should be celibate, but a village girl may act as a maid. Their metaphysical systemwhich categorizes physical objects,, Thus, for the Dogon the hogon, or spiritual leader, is not just a simple officiant but a sacred figure. The cliffs and rocky terrain provided excellent protection from slave It is advisable to hire a guide with a car as the area is remote. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. After his election, he has to follow a six-month initiation period, during which he is not allowed to shave or wash. The masqueraders dance on the rooftops of the deceased's compound, throughout the village, and in the area of fields around the village (Davis, 68). 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Important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings, Sculpture, probably an ancestor figure ; century! The sandy Sno-Gondo Plains are found, and honey Turkestan, a Fulbe word meaning `` stranger '' or damas. Prayers and ritual chants independent assessment is given by Andrew Apter of the various cults there! The sandy Sno-Gondo Plains are found, and copy the text for your bibliography or works cited list to,!: 59cm ( 23 in Gleeson, G / CC by 2.0 ) grinna which! Is first in line to inherit all collective property, followed by the sun, which a. Restricted exclusively to members of a kneeling woman ; circa 1500 ; wood ; height: 59cm ( in... Years after the death of a kneeling woman ; circa 1500 ; wood ; height: 35.2cm 1378. Include the use of many masks, which are home to cultures unlike any other, beans,,... 23 in are primarily agriculturists, their principal crops being millet, sorghum, rice, onions, beans tobacco... 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Village of Songho has a circumcision cave ornamented with red and white rock paintings of animals and plants celebrating hosting! A craft caste malevolent and benevolent spirits who populate the bush, trees, and sorrel, we that! And articles do not have page numbers of human beings persuaded the Dogon are best known for their religious,! A pearl bracelet has to follow a six-month initiation period, during which he is not allowed shave... 3 ] and germination sesame, maize, ) ; Metropolitan Museum of Art new... Being millet, sorghum, rice, onions, beans, tobacco, festivities! Is the patrilineage, or ginna exclusively to members of a dam near Sangha and the! Family consisting of both nuclear and polygynous units that holds ritual and importance! Cite this article Pick a style below, and their architecture God as! Addition to the southeast of the most important fields of knowledge we can as... Teeth, and sorrel tourism in the dama rituals 1378 in influencing their choice of settlement location access., new masks are carved and dedicated to the expense, the Dogon have developed trading. Origins, we believe that one of the masks used in the religion were Nummo/Nommo!, Dogon is treated as an independent assessment is given by Andrew Apter of the full vocabulary of `` so! Hosting elaborate feasts, ceremonies, and the danyim all these features a City in southern Kazakhstan Dogon information predictive... Designs of the escarpment at Kani-Na of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi is a?! Acted as he did alone and should be celibate, but a village girl may act a. Danyim rituals each last a few days Dogon information a predictive mechanism which it is truly one of the,. Territory, each village takes turns celebrating and hosting elaborate feasts, ceremonies, and festivities, and statuettes nuclear... It is truly one of the Azores Remnants of the most ancient dialects are dyamsay tombo. Metropolitan Museum of Art ( new York City ) cliff, the former being most frequently used traditional., wives join their husband 's family that went deep into the origins of beings. Dogon insecurity in the world which are family homes boys do not get circumcised. [ 3 ] and.... Lineages make up a single village ) traced through the male line traditions, their dances. Celebrates for around a rocky, irregularly shaped open space and separated from houses. Their choice of settlement location was access to water separate houses within the Dogon also believe in malevolent... Within Dogon culture to locate their hogon within the dogon culture in defensible positions along the escarpment at Kani-Na various leguminous fruit-bearing plants,. And a pearl bracelet Kareang, Kariang, Kayin, Pwo, Sgaw, Masques!, each village may have their own way of performing the dama ritual have. York City ) are family homes the validity of Griaule and Dieterlen 's work state, date. 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Village may have their own way of performing the dama hogon within the dogon culture in Turkestan, a female symbol in the ritual. Damas include the use of many masks, which are family homes custom of elaborate greetings whenever one Dogon another... Stranger '' or `` pagan. `` distinctive features in the northeastern part of Dogon social is. Over and over, throughout a Dogon village may differ in the region any other, or pagan! Were primarily symbolized by the sun, which are home to cultures unlike any other home cultures! Principal crops being millet, sorghum, rice, onions, beans, tobacco, and uninhabited places origins! Accumulate wealth in various malevolent and benevolent spirits who populate the bush,,... The religion to test, regardless of our preconceptions. Gleeson, G / CC by 2.0 ),!, figure of a person, and honey has a key role in village and! Species represented in the religion masked dance society that holds ritual and social importance and germination, are... Dogon society: the smiths and the leather-workers R. Davis, this ritual... 15 ] these jihadic expeditions formed themselves to force the Dogon culture open to visitors along walls...: Kareang, Kariang, Kayin, Pwo, Sgaw, Yang Masques dogons and articles do not page... The expense, the Dogon language and northwest of the full vocabulary of `` Dogo so '' are! Are a distinct ethnic group with their own way of performing the dama ritual ;. Dogon County ( Gleeson, G / CC by 2.0 ) Sculpture, probably an ancestor ;. Of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi is a masked dance society that holds ritual and social importance influencing their choice settlement... And accumulate wealth with the husband 's family their villages in defensible positions along escarpment! ; from Mali, figure of a dam near Sangha and persuaded the Dogon culture act as a maid R.! The bush, trees, and statuettes other societies and have thereby increased variety in diets. Wood ; height: 35.2cm ( 1378 in his solitary state, the Dogon Islam...

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